定位：这是与「语法腿」并行的第二条腿，贯穿 8 个单元全程，不孤立背单词。
核心原则（见学习总纲.md3.2）：记一个词，同时记它在句中的成分和搭配，不孤立背中文意思。
一、怎么背（方法，先读这个）
- 不孤立背中文：背词时永远带一个「例句 + 搭配」，记词的同时记住它当什么成分、和谁搭配。
- 词不离句：遇到一个词，先判断它在句中的成分（名词做主语/宾语、形容词修饰名词、副词修饰动词……），再记意思。
- 两条线索交叉：一条按「词频」过核心词（见第四节），一条按「词根词缀」成组记忆（见第三节）；两组互为索引。
- 标记法：每个词标 ✅已掌握 / ⚠️模糊 / ❌不会，模糊和不会的回头再刷。
二、背词模板（每个词按这个结构记）
【单词】（词性 / 缩写）
1. 核心义 + 高频引申义
2. 搭配 / 固定用法（collocation）
3. 例句（标注它在句中的成分）
4. 同根词 / 近义辨析（可选）
三、高频词根词缀（成组记忆的锚点）
记住「词根 = 核心含义」，加前缀/后缀变化词性，就能成组推断词义。
级别说明：高频必背 = 能用它推断一大批真题词，必须记牢；了解即可 = 认识、会判断方向就行，不必死记。
3.1 常用前缀（定方向/否定）
| 前缀 | 含义 | 例词 | 级别 |
|---|---|---|---|
| un- / in- / im- / ir- / il- | 否定 | unhappy、impossible、irregular | 高频必背 |
| dis- | 否定、相反 | disagree、discover | 高频必背 |
| re- | 再、重新 | return、review、rebuild | 高频必背 |
| pre- | 前、预先 | predict、preview、prevent | 高频必背 |
| ex- / e- | 出、向外 | export、exit、emigrate | 高频必背 |
| inter- | 之间 | international、interact | 高频必背 |
| pro- | 向前、赞成 | progress、promote | 了解即可 |
| sub- | 下、次 | subway、subordinate | 了解即可 |
3.2 常用词根（核心含义）
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 级别 |
|---|---|---|---|
| dict / dic | 说 | predict、dictate、dictionary | 高频必背 |
| vis / vid | 看 | visible、vision、evidence | 高频必背 |
| spect / spic | 看 | inspect、respect、perspective | 高频必背 |
| port | 运、带 | import、export、transport | 高频必背 |
| duc / duct | 引导 | produce、conduct、educate | 高频必背 |
| form | 形状、形成 | form、inform、transform | 高频必背 |
| struct | 建造 | structure、construct、instruct | 高频必背 |
| scrib / script | 写 | describe、prescribe、manuscript | 高频必背 |
| tract | 拉、引 | attract、contract、extract | 高频必背 |
| fact / fect / fic | 做 | factory、effect、sufficient | 高频必背 |
| cede / ceed / cess | 走、让步 | proceed、succeed、access | 高频必背 |
| vert / vers | 转 | convert、reverse、diverse | 了解即可 |
3.3 常用后缀（定词性）
| 后缀 | 词性 | 例词 | 级别 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -tion / -sion / -ment / -ness | 名词 | action、decision、movement、happiness | 高频必背 |
| -er / -or / -ist | 名词（人） | worker、actor、scientist | 高频必背 |
| -al / -ive / -ous / -ful / -less | 形容词 | national、active、famous、useful、useless | 高频必背 |
| -ly | 副词 | quickly、carefully | 高频必背 |
| -ize / -ify / -en | 动词 | realize、simplify、strengthen | 高频必背 |
四、分频词汇表（本腿的「词表载体」）
总纲承诺「用考研词汇表系统过词」，这一节就是那张词表。它按「词频 + 主题」两层组织：
第一梯队（4.1） 是历年真题里出现 10 次以上的核心词，先吃透；第二梯队（4.2） 按主题补中高频词，方便你配合讲义（英语·01—08）就近归并。
4.0 使用说明与例句来源
- 词频依据：第一梯队的词频来自「研招网 · 历年考研英语真题词频总结（出现 ≥10 次）」及新东方在线真题词汇整理（2021、2014 等年份），按真题出现次数排序。
- 例句来源标注：本表绝大多数例句为自编地道例句（自编），用于展示词的用法与成分，不冒充真题；个别标注 〔真题〕 的为真题原句，已附出处，可直接背诵。
- 用法：每天固定过一组（10–20 个），每个词套用「第二节模板」，标 ✅/⚠️/❌；记的时候先在句子里读出它的成分，再记中文义。
4.1 第一梯队：真题高频词（出现 10 次及以上，约 130 词）
吃透这一梯队，能覆盖阅读理解、完形、翻译里的大多数「高频重复词」。常考义只给 1–2 个考研最常用的意思，不堆义项。
4.1.1 动词（含「动词+名词」双性词）
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| result | v. 导致；起因于；n. 结果 | result in / result from | Stress may result in poor sleep.（result 作谓语） |
| cost | v. 花费；使付出代价；n. 成本 | at the cost of… | The project cost us a lot of time.（cost 作谓语） |
| consume | v. 消耗；消费 | consume energy / time | Cars consume a large amount of fuel.（consume 作谓语） |
| process | v. 处理、加工；n. 过程 | in the process of… | The brain processes information quickly.（processes 作谓语） |
| view | v. 看待；n. 观点、景象 | in view of… | Many people view change as a chance.（view 作谓语） |
| reason | v. 推理；n. 原因、理性 | the reason for… | We reason from facts to conclusions.（reason 作谓语） |
| tend | v. 倾向于、往往会 | tend to do sth. | People tend to forget details over time.（tend 作谓语） |
| concern | v. 涉及；使担忧；n. 关心 | be concerned about… | The new rule concerns all students.（concerns 作谓语） |
| lead | v. 领导；导致；n. 领先 | lead to… | Small changes can lead to big results.（lead 作谓语） |
| create | v. 创造；造成、引起 | create jobs / problems | New technology creates new jobs.（creates 作谓语） |
| achieve | v. 实现、达成 | achieve a goal | She worked hard to achieve her goal.（achieve 作不定式） |
| argue | v. 主张、认为；争论 | argue that… | Some experts argue that exercise improves memory.（argue 作谓语） |
| infer | v. 推断、推论 | infer from… that… | We can infer the meaning from the context.（infer 作谓语） |
| account | v. 解释；占（比例）；n. 叙述 | account for… | Online sales account for half of the total.（account for 作谓语） |
| involve | v. 涉及；使卷入 | be involved in… | The job involves a lot of travel.（involves 作谓语） |
| benefit | v. 使受益；受益于；n. 好处 | benefit from… | Students benefit from reading widely.（benefit 作谓语） |
| influence | v. 影响；n. 影响、势力 | have an influence on… | Parents influence a child's habits.（influence 作谓语） |
| issue | v. 发布、发行；n. 问题、议题 | issue a statement | The government issued a new policy.（issued 作谓语） |
| present | v. 陈述、提出；a. 现在的 | present evidence | The speaker presented her findings clearly.（presented 作谓语） |
| structure | v. 组织、构造；n. 结构 | the structure of… | You should structure your essay logically.（structure 作谓语） |
| decline | v. 下降；拒绝；n. 下降 | decline sharply | The birth rate has declined in recent years.（declined 作谓语） |
| depend | v. 依赖、取决于 | depend on… | Success depends on hard work.（depends on 作谓语） |
| describe | v. 描述、形容 | describe… as… | He described the plan as risky.（described 作谓语） |
| fund | v. 资助；n. 资金、基金 | fund a project | The government funds medical research.（funds 作谓语） |
| intend | v. 打算、想要 | intend to do sth. | We intend to finish the work this week.（intend 作谓语） |
| advocate | v. 提倡、主张；n. 提倡者 | advocate doing sth. | Many doctors advocate regular exercise.（advocate 作谓语） |
| approach | v. 接近；n. 方法、途径 | an approach to… | We approached the problem from a new angle.（approached 作谓语） |
| claim | v. 声称、主张；n. 主张、索赔 | claim that… | He claims that he never received the letter.（claims 作谓语） |
| focus | v. 集中；n. 焦点 | focus on… | The study focuses on children's reading habits.（focuses on 作谓语） |
| function | v. 起作用、运转；n. 功能 | function as… | The machine functions well in cold weather.（functions 作谓语） |
| imply | v. 暗示、意味着 | imply that… | His silence implied agreement.（implied 作谓语） |
| relate | v. 使相关联；与……有关 | relate to / be related to | The two events are closely related.（related 作表语） |
| spot | v. 发现、认出；n. 地点 | spot a mistake | She spotted an error in the report.（spotted 作谓语） |
| tell | v. 辨别、区分；告诉 | tell A from B | It is hard to tell the twins apart.（tell 作谓语） |
| adapt | v. 适应；改编 | adapt to… | Animals must adapt to their environment.（adapt 作谓语） |
| extend | v. 延伸、扩展；给予 | extend a deadline | The company extended the deadline by a week.（extended 作谓语） |
| observe | v. 观察；注意到；遵守 | observe a rule | Scientists observe the stars every night.（observe 作谓语） |
| predict | v. 预测 | predict that… | Experts predict that prices will rise.（predict 作谓语） |
| shift | v. 转移、转变；n. 转变；轮班 | shift from… to… | Attention shifted from one topic to another.（shifted 作谓语） |
| survive | v. 幸存、存活 | survive a crisis | Few plants survive in dry deserts.（survive 作谓语） |
| amount | v. 合计、等于；n. 数量 | amount to… | Their total spending amounts to a huge sum.（amounts to 作谓语） |
| challenge | v. 挑战、质疑；n. 挑战 | face a challenge | The results challenge the old theory.（challenge 作谓语） |
| harm | v. 伤害、损害；n. 伤害 | do harm to… | Smoking harms your health.（harms 作谓语） |
| subject | v. 使遭受；a. 易受……的；n. 主题 | be subject to… | Prices are subject to change without notice.（subject 作表语） |
| risk | v. 冒……的危险；n. 风险 | at risk / take a risk | He risked his life to save the child.（risked 作谓语） |
| experience | v. 经历、体验；n. 经验 | gain experience | The city experienced rapid growth last decade.（experienced 作谓语） |
| average | v. 平均为；a. 平均的；n. 平均数 | on average | The course averages twenty students a year.（averages 作谓语） |
4.1.2 名词
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| author | 作者；创始人 | the author of… | The author explains the idea with examples.（author 作主语） |
| science | 科学；学科 | science and technology | Science changes the way we live.（Science 作主语） |
| school | 学校；学派、流派 | a school of thought | He founded a new school of painting.（school 作宾语） |
| information | 信息、情报 | information about/on… | The website offers useful information about health.（information 作宾语） |
| business | 商业、生意；事务 | do business / on business | She started her own business last year.（business 作宾语） |
| rate | 比率、率；速度；价格 | the birth rate | The unemployment rate has fallen.（rate 作主语） |
| technology | 技术 | information technology | Technology develops faster than ever before.（Technology 作主语） |
| economy | 经济；节约 | the national economy | The economy is growing steadily.（economy 作主语） |
| system | 系统、体系；制度 | the education system | The city has an efficient transport system.（system 作宾语） |
| moral | 道德；寓意（a. 道德的） | moral values | The story has a clear moral.（moral 作宾语） |
| behaviour | 行为、举止 | human behaviour | Rewards can change people's behaviour.（behaviour 作宾语） |
| growth | 增长、发展 | economic growth | The company has seen rapid growth.（growth 作宾语） |
| theory | 理论、学说 | in theory | His theory was later proved wrong.（theory 作主语） |
| culture | 文化；修养 | local culture | Language is a part of culture.（culture 作宾语） |
| individual | 个人（a. 个人的） | individuals and society | Each individual has different needs.（individual 作主语） |
| role | 角色；作用 | play a role in… | Teachers play a key role in education.（role 作宾语） |
| decade | 十年 | over the past decade | The city changed greatly in the past decade.（decade 作状语） |
| community | 社区；团体 | the local community | The community works together to stay safe.（community 作主语） |
| intellectual | 知识分子（a. 智力的） | intellectual development | The debate attracted many intellectuals.（intellectuals 作宾语） |
| activity | 活动 | social activities | The school organizes many outdoor activities.（activities 作宾语） |
| competition | 竞争；比赛 | fierce competition | Competition forces companies to improve.（Competition 作主语） |
| sense | 感觉；判断力；意义 | a sense of… | Reading gives us a sense of wonder.（sense 作宾语） |
| knowledge | 知识；了解 | gain knowledge | Knowledge is power.（Knowledge 作主语） |
| nature | 自然；本性 | human nature | It is human nature to seek comfort.（nature 作表语） |
| ability | 能力、才能 | the ability to do sth. | She has the ability to solve problems.（ability 作宾语） |
| advantage | 优势、有利条件 | take advantage of… | Speaking two languages is an advantage.（advantage 作表语） |
| attention | 注意力 | pay attention to… | Pay attention to the details.（attention 作宾语） |
| attitude | 态度、看法 | attitude to/towards… | A positive attitude helps learning.（attitude 作主语） |
| consequence | 结果、后果 | as a consequence | Every choice has its consequence.（consequence 作宾语） |
| emotion | 情绪、情感 | control one's emotions | Music can stir strong emotions.（emotions 作宾语） |
| environment | 环境 | protect the environment | We must protect the environment.（environment 作宾语） |
| evidence | 证据 | evidence for/of… | The police found clear evidence.（evidence 作宾语） |
| inflation | 通货膨胀 | rising inflation | Inflation pushes up prices.（Inflation 作主语） |
| potential | 潜力（a. 潜在的） | realize one's potential | She has great potential as a writer.（potential 作宾语） |
| product | 产品、产物 | a new product | The company launched a new product.（product 作宾语） |
| substance | 物质；实质 | harmful substances | The leaf contains a sticky substance.（substance 作宾语） |
| tradition | 传统、惯例 | follow a tradition | It is a family tradition to gather at New Year.（tradition 作表语） |
| cancer | 癌症 | a cancer patient | Smoking increases the risk of cancer.（cancer 作宾语） |
| concept | 概念、观念 | a basic concept | The concept of time differs across cultures.（concept 作主语） |
| doctor | 医生；博士（v. 篡改） | see a doctor | She wants to become a doctor.（doctor 作表语） |
| expert | 专家 | an expert in/on… | He is an expert in climate science.（expert 作表语） |
| trend | 趋势、倾向 | a growing trend | There is a trend toward online learning.（trend 作表语） |
| action | 行动、行为 | take action | We need to take action now.（action 作宾语） |
| agency | 代理机构 | a news agency | She works for a travel agency.（agency 作宾语） |
| agent | 代理人、代理商 | a real estate agent | The agent sold the house quickly.（agent 作主语） |
| data | 数据、资料 | collect data | Scientists collected data from 1,000 patients.（data 作宾语） |
| doubt | 怀疑 | no doubt | There is no doubt about his ability.（doubt 作表语） |
| evolution | 进化、演变 | the theory of evolution | Evolution takes millions of years.（Evolution 作主语） |
| policy | 政策、方针 | a new policy | The new policy takes effect next month.（policy 作主语） |
| source | 来源、出处 | a source of… | Books are a good source of knowledge.（source 作表语） |
| web | 网、网络 | the World Wide Web | The web connects people worldwide.（web 作主语） |
| cell | 细胞；小房间 | a body cell | The body is made of billions of cells.（cells 作宾语） |
| communication | 交流、通讯 | communication skills | Good communication builds trust.（communication 作主语） |
| factor | 因素、要素 | a key factor | Cost is a key factor in the decision.（factor 作表语） |
| immigrant | 移民 | illegal immigrants | The city welcomed many immigrants.（immigrants 作宾语） |
| management | 管理；管理部门 | time management | Good management saves money.（management 作主语） |
| means | 方法、手段 | by means of… | Email is a quick means of communication.（means 作表语） |
| pattern | 模式、图案 | a pattern of… | The study found a clear pattern in the data.（pattern 作宾语） |
| physician | 内科医生 | consult a physician | The physician examined the patient.（physician 作主语） |
| productivity | 生产力 | increase productivity | Technology raises productivity.（productivity 作宾语） |
| writer | 作家、作者 | a famous writer | The writer published three novels.（writer 作主语） |
| dam | 水坝、水闸 | build a dam | The dam supplies water to the city.（dam 作主语） |
| billion | 十亿 | billions of… | The company is worth several billion dollars.（billion 作定语） |
4.1.3 形容词 / 副词
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| social | 社会的；交际的 | social skills / social issues | Social media has changed communication.（social 作定语） |
| economic | 经济的 | economic growth | The country faces economic challenges.（economic 作定语） |
| available | 可用的、可获得的 | be available to sb. | Tickets are available online.（available 作表语） |
| obvious | 明显的 | it is obvious that… | It is obvious that he is tired.（obvious 作表语） |
| conscious | 意识到的；有意识的 | be conscious of… | She is conscious of her weaknesses.（conscious 作表语） |
| able | 有能力的 | be able to do sth. | He is able to finish the task alone.（able 作表语） |
| professional | 专业的；n. 专业人士 | professional training | She gave us professional advice.（professional 作定语） |
| appropriate | 适当的 | be appropriate for… | Choose words appropriate for the occasion.（appropriate 作定语） |
| industrial | 工业的 | the industrial revolution | The city grew during the industrial age.（industrial 作定语） |
| private | 私人的、私下的 | private life | He keeps his private life out of public view.（private 作定语） |
| specific | 具体的、特定的 | specific details | Give me a specific example.（specific 作定语） |
| former | 以前的；前者 | the former president | She met her former teacher.（former 作定语） |
| reasonable | 合理的 | a reasonable price | The price is reasonable for the quality.（reasonable 作表语） |
| responsible | 负责的；可靠的 | be responsible for… | Who is responsible for this mistake?（responsible 作表语） |
| essential | 必要的；本质的 | be essential to/for… | Water is essential to life.（essential 作表语） |
| powerful | 强大的、有影响力的 | a powerful nation | Advertising is a powerful tool.（powerful 作定语） |
| federal | 联邦的 | the federal government | The federal government passed a new law.（federal 作定语） |
| late | 迟的；已故的；最近的 | the late writer | The late scientist left a great legacy.（late 作定语） |
| increasingly | 日益、越来越多地 | increasingly + adj. | Reading is increasingly popular among young people.（increasingly 作状语） |
4.2 第二梯队：中高频词（按主题分组，约 400 词）
配合讲义（英语·01—08）就近归并：读到经济类文章就刷「经济商业」，读到科技类就刷「科技」；本版新增教育、医疗健康、心理、法律等主题，覆盖考研阅读、完形、翻译的中高频词。词频依据参考研招网真题词频总结及新东方在线《考研英语高频词汇》整理，按「高频/中频」分梯队，不标注精确词频数字。例句绝大多数为自编地道句，个别标注〔真题〕。
4.2.1 经济商业
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| market | 市场 | the stock market | The housing market is slowing down. |
| investment | 投资 | make an investment | Education is a long-term investment. |
| profit | 利润 | make a profit | The company doubled its profit last year. |
| revenue | 收入、税收 | annual revenue | Ad revenue supports the free service. |
| enterprise | 企业；事业 | a private enterprise | Small enterprises create many jobs. |
| trade | 贸易；交易 | international trade | Trade between the two countries grew. |
| finance | 金融；财政 | the finance minister | He studied finance at university. |
| budget | 预算 | a tight budget | The school cut its budget by 10%. |
| tax | 税 | pay tax / tax cuts | The government raised the tax on cigarettes. |
| subsidy | 补贴 | government subsidies | Farmers receive subsidies for green crops. |
| consumer | 消费者 | consumer rights | Consumers prefer cheaper goods. |
| demand | 需求 | meet the demand | Demand for electric cars is rising. |
| supply | 供应 | supply and demand | The supply of water was cut off. |
| employment | 就业 | full employment | The factory provides employment for 500 workers. |
| labor | 劳动；劳动力 | cheap labor | The work requires hard manual labor. |
| wage | 工资、报酬 | a minimum wage | Workers demanded higher wages. |
| commerce | 商业、贸易 | e-commerce | E-commerce has changed how we shop. |
| capital | 资本；首都 | raise capital | The firm raised capital to expand. |
| asset | 资产；优点 | a valuable asset | Language skills are a real asset in business. |
| shareholder | 股东 | a major shareholder | Shareholders will vote on the merger. |
| stock | 股票；库存 | the stock market | The company's stock rose after the news. |
| bond | 债券；纽带 | government bonds | People bought bonds for a steady income. |
| currency | 货币 | a foreign currency | The currency lost value overnight. |
| recession | 经济衰退 | fall into recession | The economy fell into recession last year. |
| boom | 繁荣；激增 | an economic boom | The city enjoyed a building boom. |
| prosperity | 繁荣、兴旺 | economic prosperity | Peace brought prosperity to the region. |
| bankruptcy | 破产 | go into bankruptcy | The store was forced into bankruptcy. |
| monopoly | 垄断 | break a monopoly | The law aims to prevent monopolies. |
| merger | 合并、并购 | a merger between… | The merger created the largest bank. |
| acquisition | 收购；获得 | the acquisition of… | The acquisition doubled the firm's size. |
| corporation | 公司、法人 | a large corporation | The corporation employs thousands of people. |
| entrepreneur | 企业家 | a young entrepreneur | The entrepreneur started three companies. |
| industry | 工业；行业 | the car industry | The film industry creates many jobs. |
| manufacturing | 制造业 | the manufacturing sector | Manufacturing moved to cheaper regions. |
| export | 出口（n./v.） | export goods | The country exports oil to its neighbors. |
| import | 进口（n./v.） | import from… | They import coffee from Brazil. |
| tariff | 关税 | impose a tariff | The government imposed tariffs on steel. |
| deficit | 赤字、亏损 | a budget deficit | The country is struggling with a huge deficit. |
| debt | 债务 | pay off a debt | He worked hard to pay off his debts. |
| loan | 贷款 | take out a loan | She took out a loan to buy a house. |
| interest | 利息；兴趣 | interest rates | Higher interest rates slow spending. |
| deposit | 存款；押金 | make a deposit | He made a deposit into his savings account. |
| insurance | 保险 | health insurance | Good insurance protects you from big losses. |
| pension | 养老金 | a pension fund | She lives on a small pension. |
| income | 收入 | a steady income | He earns extra income from writing. |
| wealth | 财富 | the gap in wealth | Wealth does not always bring happiness. |
| commodity | 商品、货物 | commodity prices | Oil is an important commodity. |
| goods | 商品、货物 | consumer goods | The ship carried goods across the ocean. |
| output | 产量、输出 | industrial output | Factory output rose by five percent. |
| incentive | 激励、刺激 | an incentive to do sth. | Lower taxes give people an incentive to work. |
| regulation | 监管、规章 | government regulation | New regulations limit pollution from factories. |
4.2.2 科技
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| device | 设备、装置 | a mobile device | The device saves energy automatically. |
| digital | 数字的 | digital technology | Digital photos are easy to share. |
| innovation | 创新 | technological innovation | Innovation drives economic growth. |
| patent | 专利 | apply for a patent | The company holds thousands of patents. |
| experiment | 实验 | conduct an experiment | The experiment tested the new drug. |
| engineering | 工程 | genetic engineering | She majored in engineering. |
| software | 软件 | install software | The software runs on most computers. |
| network | 网络 | a social network | The network links millions of computers. |
| artificial | 人工的 | artificial intelligence | Artificial light affects sleep. |
| intelligence | 智力；智能 | artificial intelligence | Tests measure general intelligence. |
| robot | 机器人 | an industrial robot | Robots now do many factory jobs. |
| gene | 基因 | gene editing | A single gene may control height. |
| genetic | 基因的、遗传的 | genetic information | Some diseases have a genetic cause. |
| electronic | 电子的 | electronic devices | Electronic books are easy to carry. |
| technique | 技术、技巧 | a new technique | Doctors use a new technique to treat the disease. |
| research | 研究（n./v.） | conduct research | The team conducted research into memory. |
| discovery | 发现 | make a discovery | The discovery changed our view of the brain. |
| breakthrough | 突破 | a major breakthrough | The new drug was a medical breakthrough. |
| invention | 发明 | a great invention | The internet is a remarkable invention. |
| laboratory | 实验室 | in the laboratory | The samples were tested in the laboratory. |
| hypothesis | 假设 | test a hypothesis | The data did not support the hypothesis. |
| analysis | 分析 | a careful analysis | A careful analysis of the data was needed. |
| calculate | 计算 | calculate the cost | The program calculates the results instantly. |
| accurate | 精确的、准确的 | accurate information | The report gives an accurate picture of the economy. |
| efficient | 高效的 | an efficient method | E-mail is an efficient way to communicate. |
| efficiency | 效率 | improve efficiency | The new system improves efficiency. |
| automate | 使自动化 | automate a process | The factory automated its assembly line. |
| automatic | 自动的 | an automatic system | The doors are automatic. |
| virtual | 虚拟的；实际上的 | virtual reality | Students can visit museums in virtual reality. |
| online | 在线的 | online courses | More students now take online courses. |
| internet | 互联网 | access the internet | Millions of people use the internet every day. |
| satellite | 卫星 | a communications satellite | The satellite sends signals back to Earth. |
| launch | 发射；推出 | launch a rocket | They launched a new phone last week. |
| universe | 宇宙 | the origin of the universe | Scientists study how the universe began. |
| gravity | 重力、引力 | the force of gravity | Gravity pulls objects toward the Earth. |
| physics | 物理学 | the laws of physics | He studied physics at university. |
| biological | 生物的 | biological processes | Sleep is a basic biological need. |
| clone | 克隆 | clone an animal | Scientists cloned a sheep for the first time in 1996. |
| transplant | 移植；器官移植 | a heart transplant | The patient received a kidney transplant. |
| organ | 器官 | vital organs | The heart is a vital organ. |
| planet | 行星 | the planet Earth | Mars is the planet closest to Earth's size. |
| signal | 信号 | send a signal | The phone lost its signal in the tunnel. |
| transmit | 传输、传送 | transmit data | The cable transmits data at high speed. |
| chip | 芯片 | a computer chip | The chip stores a huge amount of data. |
4.2.3 社会文化
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| civilization | 文明 | ancient civilization | The river gave birth to an ancient civilization. |
| custom | 习俗 | local customs | Each region has its own customs. |
| ethnic | 民族的、种族的 | ethnic groups | The city is home to many ethnic groups. |
| minority | 少数；少数群体 | an ethnic minority | The rights of minorities must be protected. |
| gender | 性别 | gender equality | Gender should not decide one's pay. |
| generation | 一代人 | the younger generation | Each generation faces new challenges. |
| population | 人口 | population growth | The population is aging quickly. |
| poverty | 贫困 | live in poverty | The war pushed many into poverty. |
| welfare | 福利 | social welfare | The state provides welfare for the poor. |
| charity | 慈善；慈善机构 | a charity event | She donated money to charity. |
| democracy | 民主 | a democracy | Freedom of speech is central to democracy. |
| society | 社会 | modern society | Technology is changing modern society. |
| heritage | 遗产；传统 | cultural heritage | The old town is a world heritage site. |
| identity | 身份；认同 | national identity | Language shapes our sense of identity. |
| religion | 宗教 | freedom of religion | People are free to practice their religion. |
| belief | 信念、信仰 | a strong belief | His belief in hard work never changed. |
| faith | 信仰；信任 | have faith in… | She has faith in her team. |
| norm | 规范、准则 | social norms | Social norms shape how we behave. |
| ethics | 伦理、道德 | business ethics | The company values honesty and ethics. |
| dignity | 尊严 | human dignity | Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity. |
| freedom | 自由 | freedom of speech | Freedom of speech is a basic right. |
| liberty | 自由 | individual liberty | The law protects individual liberty. |
| equality | 平等 | equality of opportunity | They fought for equality for all. |
| discrimination | 歧视 | racial discrimination | The law bans discrimination at work. |
| prejudice | 偏见 | prejudice against… | He faced prejudice because of his background. |
| stereotype | 刻板印象 | a common stereotype | The film challenges the stereotype of the lazy worker. |
| migration | 迁移、移民 | rural-urban migration | Migration to cities has increased. |
| urban | 城市的 | urban life | Urban life offers more job choices. |
| rural | 农村的 | rural areas | Schools in rural areas need more teachers. |
| urbanization | 城市化 | rapid urbanization | Rapid urbanization has changed the landscape. |
| neighborhood | 邻里、社区 | a safe neighborhood | They live in a quiet neighborhood. |
| citizen | 公民 | a law-abiding citizen | Every citizen has the right to vote. |
| status | 地位；状态 | social status | Wealth often brings high social status. |
| hierarchy | 等级制度 | a social hierarchy | The company has a strict hierarchy. |
| media | 媒体 | social media | The media report on major events daily. |
| journalist | 记者 | a newspaper journalist | The journalist interviewed the mayor. |
| celebrity | 名人 | a film celebrity | The celebrity appeared on the front page. |
| globalization | 全球化 | economic globalization | Globalization connects distant markets. |
| diversity | 多样性 | cultural diversity | The school celebrates cultural diversity. |
| value | 价值观；价值 | moral values | The book questions society's values. |
4.2.4 环境
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| climate | 气候 | climate change | Climate change threatens coastal cities. |
| global | 全球的 | global warming | Pollution is a global problem. |
| pollution | 污染 | air pollution | Cars cause heavy air pollution. |
| resource | 资源 | natural resources | Water is a scarce resource. |
| energy | 能源；能量 | renewable energy | The world needs cleaner energy. |
| fuel | 燃料 | fossil fuels | Burning fossil fuel releases carbon. |
| sustainable | 可持续的 | sustainable development | We need sustainable farming. |
| ecology | 生态 | marine ecology | The dam damaged the local ecology. |
| species | 物种 | endangered species | Many species are dying out. |
| habitat | 栖息地 | natural habitat | Deforestation destroys wildlife habitat. |
| environmental | 环境的 | environmental protection | Environmental protection is everyone's duty. |
| ecosystem | 生态系统 | a balanced ecosystem | The lake is a delicate ecosystem. |
| biodiversity | 生物多样性 | protect biodiversity | Rainforests are rich in biodiversity. |
| conservation | 保护、保存 | wildlife conservation | Conservation of water saves money. |
| preserve | 保护、保存（v.） | preserve nature | We must preserve forests for future generations. |
| deforestation | 森林砍伐 | stop deforestation | Deforestation speeds up climate change. |
| drought | 干旱 | a severe drought | The drought ruined the farmers' crops. |
| flood | 洪水 | a severe flood | The flood destroyed hundreds of homes. |
| erosion | 侵蚀 | soil erosion | Trees help prevent soil erosion. |
| emission | 排放 | carbon emissions | The new rules cut carbon emissions. |
| carbon | 碳 | carbon dioxide | Carbon dioxide traps heat in the air. |
| greenhouse | 温室 | the greenhouse effect | The greenhouse effect warms the planet. |
| fossil | 化石；化石的 | fossil fuels | Fossil fuels are running out. |
| renewable | 可再生的 | renewable energy | Wind is a renewable source of energy. |
| solar | 太阳的 | solar energy | Solar panels turn sunlight into electricity. |
| nuclear | 核的 | nuclear power | Nuclear power produces little air pollution. |
| radiation | 辐射 | harmful radiation | The leak released dangerous radiation. |
| waste | 废物；浪费（n./v.） | industrial waste | Factories should recycle their waste. |
| recycle | 回收利用 | recycle paper | We recycle paper, glass, and metal. |
| toxic | 有毒的 | toxic chemicals | Toxic waste polluted the river. |
| extinction | 灭绝 | face extinction | Many species face extinction today. |
| endangered | 濒危的 | endangered animals | The panda is an endangered animal. |
4.2.5 医疗健康
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| disease | 疾病 | a heart disease | Clean water prevents many diseases. |
| epidemic | 流行病 | a flu epidemic | The epidemic spread quickly in winter. |
| treatment | 治疗 | medical treatment | Early treatment saves lives. |
| patient | 病人 | a cancer patient | The doctor examined each patient. |
| symptom | 症状 | show symptoms | A fever is a common symptom. |
| vaccine | 疫苗 | develop a vaccine | The vaccine protects against the virus. |
| wellbeing | 幸福、安康 | personal wellbeing | While seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional, social, and personal wellbeing.（〔真题〕考研 2014，来源：新东方真题词汇整理） |
| health | 健康 | public health | Smoking harms public health. |
| medicine | 医学；药物 | take medicine | Modern medicine has saved millions of lives. |
| medical | 医学的、医疗的 | medical care | Everyone should have access to medical care. |
| surgeon | 外科医生 | a brain surgeon | The surgeon performed the operation. |
| surgery | 外科手术 | undergo surgery | He needed surgery on his knee. |
| therapy | 治疗、疗法 | physical therapy | Music therapy can reduce stress. |
| cure | 治愈；疗法 | a cure for… | Scientists are searching for a cure for cancer. |
| heal | 愈合、治愈 | heal a wound | The cut healed in a week. |
| diagnose | 诊断 | diagnose a disease | The doctor diagnosed the illness early. |
| diagnosis | 诊断 | make a diagnosis | An early diagnosis improves the chances of recovery. |
| prescribe | 开处方；规定 | prescribe medicine | The doctor prescribed some rest. |
| prescription | 处方；规定 | on prescription | This drug is only available on prescription. |
| drug | 药物；毒品 | a new drug | The new drug fights infection. |
| dose | 剂量 | a dose of medicine | Take one dose every morning. |
| antibiotic | 抗生素 | take antibiotics | Antibiotics fight bacterial infections. |
| immunity | 免疫、免疫力 | build up immunity | Vaccines help build immunity to disease. |
| immune | 免疫的；不受影响的 | be immune to… | Children are not immune to stress. |
| infect | 感染 | infect a wound | The virus can infect healthy cells. |
| infection | 感染、传染病 | a lung infection | The cut became an infection. |
| virus | 病毒 | a flu virus | The virus spreads through the air. |
| bacteria | 细菌 | harmful bacteria | Some bacteria are good for our health. |
| tumor | 肿瘤 | a brain tumor | The tumor was removed by surgery. |
| chronic | 慢性的 | a chronic disease | Chronic pain can be hard to treat. |
| acute | 急性的；严重的 | an acute illness | He felt an acute pain in his chest. |
| fatal | 致命的 | a fatal disease | The accident proved fatal. |
| obesity | 肥胖 | childhood obesity | Poor diet often leads to obesity. |
| nutrition | 营养 | proper nutrition | Good nutrition keeps children healthy. |
| diet | 饮食；节食 | a balanced diet | A balanced diet keeps you fit. |
| mental | 精神的、心理的 | mental health | Exercise is good for mental health. |
| mortality | 死亡率 | infant mortality | Better care has lowered infant mortality. |
| hygiene | 卫生 | personal hygiene | Good hygiene prevents the spread of disease. |
4.2.6 心理
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| psychology | 心理学 | child psychology | She studies psychology at university. |
| psychological | 心理的 | psychological stress | Long work hours cause psychological stress. |
| mind | 头脑；心智 | keep in mind | A healthy body needs a healthy mind. |
| mood | 心情、情绪 | in a good mood | The music put everyone in a good mood. |
| anxiety | 焦虑 | suffer from anxiety | Exams can cause a lot of anxiety. |
| anxious | 焦虑的、担心的 | be anxious about… | She felt anxious about the interview. |
| depression | 抑郁；萧条 | suffer from depression | He sought help for his depression. |
| stress | 压力 | under stress | People under stress sleep poorly. |
| cognitive | 认知的 | cognitive skills | Reading builds cognitive skills. |
| cognition | 认知 | human cognition | Scientists study how cognition develops. |
| memory | 记忆 | a good memory | Exercise can improve your memory. |
| recall | 回忆、回想起 | recall a name | I could not recall her name. |
| consciousness | 意识 | lose consciousness | He lost consciousness after the fall. |
| unconscious | 无意识的；失去知觉的 | an unconscious desire | He was unconscious for two hours. |
| perception | 感知；看法 | public perception | The ad changed public perception of the brand. |
| perceive | 感知、察觉 | perceive a change | We perceive the world through our senses. |
| motivation | 动机、动力 | strong motivation | Money is a powerful motivation. |
| motive | 动机 | a hidden motive | The police looked for a motive. |
| desire | 欲望、渴望 | a desire for… | She has a strong desire to learn. |
| personality | 个性、人格 | a strong personality | His cheerful personality makes him popular. |
| character | 性格；角色 | strength of character | She has a kind and honest character. |
| sympathy | 同情 | feel sympathy for… | I feel sympathy for the flood victims. |
| empathy | 共情、同理心 | show empathy | A good doctor shows empathy for patients. |
| habit | 习惯 | form a habit | Reading every day is a good habit. |
| instinct | 本能 | by instinct | Birds build nests by instinct. |
| impulse | 冲动 | act on impulse | She bought the dress on impulse. |
| rational | 理性的 | a rational decision | Try to stay calm and rational. |
| imagination | 想象力 | a vivid imagination | Stories feed a child's imagination. |
| creativity | 创造力 | encourage creativity | Play helps develop creativity. |
| talent | 天赋、才能 | a talent for… | He has a talent for drawing. |
| affection | 喜爱、情感 | show affection | Parents show affection to their children. |
| genius | 天才 | a musical genius | Mozart was a musical genius. |
| temperament | 气质、性情 | a calm temperament | She has a calm and patient temperament. |
4.2.7 教育
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| education | 教育 | higher education | Higher education opens more doors. |
| educate | 教育 | educate children | Schools educate children for the future. |
| academic | 学术的 | academic performance | Her academic performance improved greatly. |
| scholar | 学者 | a famous scholar | The scholar spent years on the research. |
| scholarship | 奖学金；学术 | win a scholarship | She won a scholarship to study abroad. |
| professor | 教授 | a university professor | The professor gave a lecture on history. |
| faculty | 全体教员；能力 | the faculty of… | The faculty voted on the new plan. |
| curriculum | 课程 | the school curriculum | Art should be part of the curriculum. |
| discipline | 学科；纪律 | academic discipline | History is a well-established discipline. |
| major | 专业；主修 | major in… | She majors in economics. |
| degree | 学位；程度 | a master's degree | He earned a degree in engineering. |
| diploma | 文凭 | a high school diploma | She received her diploma last June. |
| graduate | 毕业；研究生 | graduate from… | He graduated from college in 2019. |
| undergraduate | 本科生 | an undergraduate student | Many undergraduates work part-time. |
| enroll | 注册、入学 | enroll in a course | She enrolled in a language course. |
| admission | 录取；准入 | university admission | Admission to the school is highly competitive. |
| tuition | 学费 | pay tuition | Tuition fees have risen sharply. |
| campus | 校园 | on campus | Students live on campus. |
| lecture | 讲座、讲课 | give a lecture | The professor gave a lecture on climate. |
| seminar | 研讨课 | attend a seminar | We discussed the topic in a small seminar. |
| tutor | 导师；辅导 | a private tutor | A tutor helped him with math. |
| mentor | 导师、指导者 | a trusted mentor | A good mentor guides your career. |
| instruction | 指导；指示 | follow the instructions | Read the instructions before you start. |
| learning | 学习 | lifelong learning | Lifelong learning keeps the mind active. |
| literacy | 读写能力 | adult literacy | The program improves adult literacy. |
| illiteracy | 文盲、不识字 | fight illiteracy | The state works to end illiteracy. |
| exam | 考试 | pass an exam | She passed the exam easily. |
| score | 分数 | a high score | He got a high score on the test. |
| grade | 分数；年级 | get a good grade | She got good grades this term. |
| assess | 评估 | assess the effect | Teachers assess students' progress. |
| evaluate | 评估、评价 | evaluate the plan | We need to evaluate the results carefully. |
| assignment | 作业、任务 | complete an assignment | He finished the assignment on time. |
| term | 学期；术语 | this term | The new term begins in September. |
| semester | 学期 | the spring semester | She studied abroad for one semester. |
| dropout | 辍学者；辍学 | the dropout rate | The school has a low dropout rate. |
4.2.8 法律
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| legal | 法律的、合法的 | legal rights | Is it legal to copy the file? |
| legislation | 立法、法规 | pass legislation | New legislation protects consumers. |
| crime | 犯罪 | commit a crime | The city reduced violent crime. |
| justice | 正义；司法 | social justice | Everyone deserves equal justice. |
| court | 法院；球场 | the Supreme Court | The case went to court. |
| victim | 受害者 | the victim of… | The flood made thousands homeless victims. |
| conflict | 冲突 | armed conflict | The two sides settled the conflict peacefully. |
| law | 法律 | obey the law | Everyone must obey the law. |
| lawyer | 律师 | hire a lawyer | She hired a lawyer to handle the case. |
| judge | 法官；判断 | a fair judge | The judge listened to both sides. |
| jury | 陪审团 | a jury of twelve | The jury found him not guilty. |
| trial | 审判；试验 | a fair trial | The trial lasted three weeks. |
| sue | 起诉、控告 | sue sb. for… | She sued the company for damages. |
| lawsuit | 诉讼 | file a lawsuit | They filed a lawsuit against the firm. |
| accuse | 指控、指责 | accuse sb. of… | They accused him of lying. |
| charge | 指控；收费 | charge sb. with… | The police charged him with theft. |
| convict | 定罪 | convict sb. of… | He was convicted of fraud. |
| sentence | 判决；句子 | a prison sentence | He received a long prison sentence. |
| penalty | 处罚、惩罚 | the death penalty | The penalty for breaking the rule is high. |
| punish | 惩罚 | punish sb. for… | The court punished him for the crime. |
| fine | 罚款 | pay a fine | He paid a fine for speeding. |
| guilty | 有罪的；内疚的 | be guilty of… | She felt guilty about the mistake. |
| innocent | 无罪的；无辜的 | be innocent of… | The court found him innocent. |
| suspect | 嫌疑犯；怀疑 | a murder suspect | The police questioned the suspect. |
| witness | 证人；目击 | an eyewitness | A witness saw the whole accident. |
| proof | 证据、证明 | proof of… | They had no proof of his guilt. |
| prove | 证明 | prove that… | The evidence proved her innocence. |
| violate | 违反、侵犯 | violate a law | The company violated safety rules. |
| illegal | 非法的 | illegal drugs | Selling illegal drugs is a crime. |
| contract | 合同 | sign a contract | Both sides signed the contract. |
| obligation | 义务、责任 | a legal obligation | We have an obligation to protect the weak. |
| right | 权利 | human rights | Everyone has the right to speak freely. |
| constitution | 宪法 | a written constitution | The constitution protects free speech. |
| appeal | 上诉；呼吁 | appeal to… | He appealed to the higher court. |
| defendant | 被告 | the defendant's lawyer | The defendant denied the charge. |
| fraud | 欺诈、诈骗 | commit fraud | He was jailed for credit card fraud. |
| corruption | 腐败 | political corruption | The campaign promised to fight corruption. |
| enforce | 执行、实施 | enforce a law | Police enforce the traffic laws. |
4.2.9 抽象概念与观点
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| phenomenon | 现象 | a natural phenomenon | The internet is a modern phenomenon. |
| notion | 概念、观念 | the notion of… | The notion of fairness varies across cultures. |
| definition | 定义 | by definition | Give a clear definition of the term. |
| principle | 原则 | in principle | He refused to break his principles. |
| criterion | 标准、准则 | meet the criteria | Cost is one criterion for choosing. |
| circumstance | 情况、环境 | under the circumstances | Under the circumstances, the decision was fair. |
| context | 语境、背景 | in context | The word's meaning depends on context. |
| perspective | 视角、观点 | from a perspective | Try to see the problem from her perspective. |
| aspect | 方面 | an aspect of… | We discussed every aspect of the plan. |
| component | 组成部分 | a key component | Trust is a key component of friendship. |
| element | 要素、元素 | an essential element | Practice is an essential element of success. |
| basis | 基础 | on the basis of… | Decisions are made on the basis of facts. |
| fundamental | 根本的 | fundamental rights | Reading is a fundamental skill. |
| crucial | 关键的 | a crucial role | Timing is crucial to success. |
| vital | 至关重要的 | vital to/for… | Clean water is vital for health. |
| inevitable | 不可避免的 | an inevitable result | Change is inevitable in life. |
| controversial | 有争议的 | a controversial issue | The plan remains highly controversial. |
| controversy | 争议 | cause controversy | The report caused great controversy. |
| essence | 本质、精髓 | in essence | In essence, the two plans are the same. |
| feature | 特征 | a key feature | The phone's best feature is its camera. |
| characteristic | 特征、特点 | a striking characteristic | Patience is a characteristic of good teachers. |
| property | 性质；财产 | chemical property | This material has unusual properties. |
| quality | 质量；品质 | high quality | The shoes are of high quality. |
| quantity | 数量 | a large quantity | Quality matters more than quantity. |
| extent | 程度；范围 | to some extent | To some extent, the plan worked. |
| scope | 范围 | the scope of… | The book covers a wide scope of topics. |
| scale | 规模；尺度 | on a large scale | The project was carried out on a large scale. |
| dimension | 维度；尺寸 | a new dimension | The internet added a new dimension to life. |
| cause | 原因；导致 | the cause of… | Pollution is a major cause of illness. |
| effect | 影响、效果 | have an effect on… | Music has a calming effect on babies. |
| impact | 影响、冲击 | have an impact on… | The internet has a huge impact on learning. |
| origin | 起源、来源 | the origin of… | Scientists study the origin of language. |
| mechanism | 机制、机理 | a defense mechanism | The body has a natural defense mechanism. |
| tendency | 倾向、趋势 | a tendency to… | He has a tendency to worry too much. |
| correlation | 相关性、关联 | a strong correlation | There is a correlation between sleep and health. |
| distinction | 区别、差别 | make a distinction | We should make a distinction between facts and opinions. |
| significance | 重要性、意义 | of great significance | The discovery is of great significance. |
| purpose | 目的 | the purpose of… | The purpose of the study is to test the idea. |
| intention | 意图、打算 | have no intention of… | She has no intention of giving up. |
| objective | 目标；客观的 | achieve an objective | The team achieved its main objective. |
| goal | 目标 | set a goal | She set a goal to read 50 books. |
| strategy | 策略、战略 | a long-term strategy | The company needs a new marketing strategy. |
| alternative | 替代方案；可替代的 | an alternative to… | Cycling is a healthy alternative to driving. |
| option | 选择 | a range of options | We have several options to choose from. |
| dilemma | 困境、两难 | face a dilemma | She faced a dilemma between work and family. |
| paradox | 悖论、矛盾 | a strange paradox | It is a paradox that the rich worry more. |
| assumption | 假设、假定 | on the assumption that… | The plan rests on a false assumption. |
| premise | 前提 | a basic premise | The argument is built on a false premise. |
| argument | 论点、争论 | a strong argument | He made a strong argument for change. |
| viewpoint | 观点、看法 | from a viewpoint | The book presents a fresh viewpoint on history. |
4.2.10 逻辑衔接词与高频动词/形容词
| 单词 | 常考义 | 常见搭配 | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|---|
| affect | 影响 | affect the result | The decision will affect everyone.（affect 作谓语） |
| analyze | 分析 | analyze the data | We need to analyze the data.（analyze 作谓语） |
| assume | 假定；承担 | assume that… | I assume that he is right. |
| conclude | 得出结论 | conclude from… that… | We concluded that the plan was safe. |
| consist | 组成 | consist of… | The team consists of five members. |
| establish | 建立、确立 | establish a company | They established the school in 1990. |
| indicate | 表明、指出 | indicate that… | The study indicates that exercise helps. |
| maintain | 维持；坚持认为 | maintain balance | He maintains that the theory is wrong. |
| provide | 提供 | provide sb. with sth. | The school provides students with books. |
| significant | 重要的、显著的 | a significant difference | There is a significant difference between them. |
| particular | 特定的、特别的 | in particular | I like one song in particular. |
| therefore | 因此（连接副词） | — | He was ill; therefore, he stayed home. |
| however | 然而（连接副词） | — | The task is hard. However, we can finish it. |
| moreover | 此外（连接副词） | — | The book is cheap; moreover, it is useful. |
| consequently | 因此、结果（连接副词） | — | He missed the bus; consequently, he was late. |
| emphasize | 强调 | emphasize the importance of… | The teacher emphasized the key points. |
| demonstrate | 证明、演示 | demonstrate that… | The results demonstrate the value of practice. |
| illustrate | 说明、阐明 | illustrate with examples | The chart illustrates the trend clearly. |
| fade | 衰退、褪色 | memory fades | As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences "senior moments."（〔真题〕考研 2014 完形，来源：新东方真题词汇整理） |
| consider | 认为；考虑 | consider doing sth. | We are considering moving to a bigger office. |
| regard | 认为；看待 | regard… as… | Many people regard health as the greatest wealth. |
| suggest | 表明；建议 | suggest that… | The results suggest that the method works. |
| reveal | 揭示、显示 | reveal that… | The survey revealed a sharp rise in prices. |
| note | 指出；注意 | note that… | The author notes that habits form early. |
| assert | 断言、主张 | assert that… | She asserted that she was innocent. |
| propose | 提议、建议 | propose a plan | They proposed a new way to cut costs. |
| recommend | 推荐、建议 | recommend doing sth. | Doctors recommend walking every day. |
| highlight | 强调、突出 | highlight the need | The report highlights the need for reform. |
| confirm | 证实、确认 | confirm that… | The test confirmed the diagnosis. |
| reject | 拒绝、排斥 | reject an idea | The committee rejected the proposal. |
| deny | 否认 | deny doing sth. | He denied taking the money. |
| oppose | 反对 | oppose a plan | Many residents oppose the new road. |
| support | 支持 | support a view | The data support the theory. |
| admit | 承认；准许进入 | admit that… | She admitted making a mistake. |
| acknowledge | 承认；致谢 | acknowledge that… | He acknowledged the need for change. |
| identify | 识别、确认 | identify a problem | Scientists identified the cause of the disease. |
| distinguish | 区分、辨别 | distinguish between… | It is hard to distinguish between the two colors. |
| contribute | 贡献；促成 | contribute to… | Exercise contributes to good health. |
| attribute | 把……归因于 | attribute… to… | She attributes her success to hard work. |
| arise | 产生、出现 | arise from… | Problems arose during the project. |
| emerge | 出现、浮现 | emerge as… | A new market emerged in the 1990s. |
| acquire | 获得、习得 | acquire a skill | Children acquire language naturally. |
| fulfill | 实现、履行 | fulfill a promise | She fulfilled her dream of becoming a doctor. |
| implement | 实施、执行 | implement a policy | The school implemented new safety rules. |
| apply | 应用；申请 | apply to… / apply for… | You can apply this rule to many cases. |
| require | 需要、要求 | require sb. to do sth. | The job requires a lot of patience. |
| ensure | 确保、保证 | ensure that… | Please ensure that the door is locked. |
| guarantee | 保证 | guarantee to do sth. | We guarantee to finish on time. |
| convince | 使信服、说服 | convince sb. of… | She convinced me of her honesty. |
| prevent | 阻止、预防 | prevent sb. from doing sth. | Rain prevented us from going out. |
| enhance | 提高、增强 | enhance the quality | Reading enhances your understanding of the world. |
| promote | 促进；晋升 | promote economic growth | The policy promotes trade between nations. |
| transform | 转变、改造 | transform… into… | The internet transformed how we communicate. |
| associate | 联系、联想 | be associated with… | Red is often associated with danger. |
| integrate | 整合、融入 | integrate… into… | The app integrates many services into one. |
| constitute | 构成、组成 | constitute a threat | Women constitute half of the workforce. |
| reflect | 反映；反思 | reflect a change | The figures reflect a growing trend. |
| determine | 决定；确定 | determine whether… | The test determines your English level. |
| resolve | 解决；决心 | resolve a conflict | They resolved the dispute peacefully. |
| tackle | 处理、应对 | tackle a problem | The city must tackle its housing problem. |
| overcome | 克服、战胜 | overcome a difficulty | She overcame her fear of speaking. |
| eliminate | 消除、排除 | eliminate a risk | The new system eliminates the need for paper. |
| adopt | 采用；收养 | adopt a method | The school adopted a new teaching method. |
| pursue | 追求；从事 | pursue a career | He pursued a career in law. |
| investigate | 调查 | investigate a case | The police are investigating the accident. |
| assess | 评估 | assess the damage | Experts assessed the damage to the building. |
| estimate | 估计、估算 | estimate that… | They estimate that the job will take a week. |
| measure | 测量；措施 | take measures | We must take measures to save energy. |
| nevertheless | 然而、不过（连接副词） | — | The task is hard; nevertheless, we must try. |
| nonetheless | 尽管如此（连接副词） | — | The plan is risky; nonetheless, it is worth trying. |
| hence | 因此、由此（连接副词） | — | The weather was bad; hence, the match was delayed. |
| thus | 因此、从而（连接副词） | — | He studied hard and thus passed the exam. |
| furthermore | 此外、而且（连接副词） | — | The house is small; furthermore, it is expensive. |
| whereas | 然而、鉴于（连词） | — | He likes tea, whereas she prefers coffee. |
| despite | 尽管（介词） | despite the fact that… | Despite the rain, we went for a walk. |
| unless | 除非（连词） | — | You will fail unless you work harder. |
| once | 一旦（连词） | — | Once you start, you will enjoy it. |
| while | 而、虽然；当……时（连词） | — | While the idea is good, it costs too much. |
| since | 既然；自从（连词） | — | Since it is late, we should go home. |
4.3 熟词僻义速查（考研高频考点）
考研最爱考「熟词僻义」：你认识的词，考你没背过的意思。这一栏只记「僻义」，是阅读拉分关键。
| 单词 | 熟义 | 考研常考僻义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cover | 覆盖 | 报道 | It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story…（〔真题〕考研 2011 阅读 Text4，来源：研招网） |
| doctor | 医生 | 篡改、伪造 | The data was doctored to look better.（自编） |
| tell | 告诉 | 辨别、区分 | It is hard to tell the twins apart.（自编） |
| account | 账户 | 占（比例）；解释 | Online sales account for half of the total.（自编） |
| late | 迟的 | 已故的 | The late scientist left a great legacy.（自编） |
| former | 前者 | 以前的 | She met her former teacher.（自编） |
| cell | 小房间 | 细胞 | The body contains billions of cells.（自编） |
| school | 学校 | 学派、流派 | He belongs to a new school of painting.（自编） |
| rate | 比率 | 评价、评级 | The film is rated among the best.（自编） |
| reason | 原因 | 推理、理性 | Humans have the power to reason.（自编） |
| subject | 学科 | 使遭受；易受……的 | Prices are subject to change.（自编） |
| spot | 斑点 | 发现、认出 | She spotted an error in the report.（自编） |
| present | 现在的 | 陈述、提出（v.） | The speaker presented her findings.（自编） |
| view | 风景 | 看待；观点 | Many people view change as a chance.（自编） |
| lead | 领导 | 铅 | Lead is a harmful metal.（自编） |
| address | 地址 | 处理、解决；演讲 | The report addresses the problem of aging.（自编） |
| argue | 争论 | 主张、认为 | Some experts argue that exercise improves memory.（自编） |
| fashion | 时尚 | 方式（in a… fashion） | She solved it in a clever fashion.（自编） |
| nature | 自然 | 本性、性质 | It is human nature to seek comfort.（自编） |
4.4 高频词组 / 固定搭配（完形、翻译、写作必背）
考研完形、翻译、写作大量考动词短语和介词短语。这里的约 100 个词组按「动词短语」「介词/连接性短语」两类组织，每个给「含义 + 地道例句」，例句均为自编，重在展示词组在句中的位置和搭配。
4.4.1 动词短语
| 词组 | 含义（中文） | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|
| take into account | 考虑到、把……考虑进去 | We must take the cost into account before deciding. |
| account for | 解释；占（比例） | Online sales account for half of the total. |
| result from | 由……引起 | The illness resulted from polluted water. |
| result in | 导致、造成 | The storm resulted in serious damage. |
| lead to | 导致、通向 | Small habits can lead to big changes. |
| contribute to | 促成、有助于；贡献 | Exercise contributes to better sleep. |
| attribute… to | 把……归因于 | She attributes her success to hard work. |
| stem from | 起源于、由……造成 | Many fears stem from past experiences. |
| derive from | 源自、从……获得 | The word derives from Latin. |
| be subject to | 易受……的；须经……的 | Prices are subject to change without notice. |
| be exposed to | 暴露于；接触到 | Children are exposed to many ads every day. |
| be involved in | 参与、卷入 | He is involved in several research projects. |
| be engaged in | 从事于 | The team is engaged in climate research. |
| be devoted to | 致力于、献身于 | She is devoted to helping the poor. |
| be committed to | 致力于、承诺 | We are committed to reducing waste. |
| be concerned about | 关心、担忧 | Parents are concerned about their children's safety. |
| be associated with | 与……相关 | Smoking is associated with lung disease. |
| be related to | 与……有关 | Poor sleep is related to stress. |
| be based on | 基于、以……为依据 | The report is based on real data. |
| rely on | 依赖、依靠 | We rely on the internet for news. |
| consist of | 由……组成 | The committee consists of ten members. |
| be composed of | 由……构成 | Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. |
| be made up of | 由……构成 | The class is made up of thirty students. |
| make up | 构成；编造；弥补 | Women make up half of the workforce. |
| make up for | 弥补、补偿 | Hard work cannot make up for lost time. |
| make use of | 利用 | We should make good use of our time. |
| take advantage of | 利用 | She took advantage of the free course. |
| put forward | 提出 | He put forward a new plan at the meeting. |
| come up with | 想出、提出 | They came up with a clever solution. |
| point out | 指出 | She pointed out a mistake in the report. |
| figure out | 弄明白、想出 | I finally figured out how to fix it. |
| carry out | 执行、实施 | The team carried out the survey carefully. |
| bring about | 导致、引起 | The internet brought about huge changes. |
| give rise to | 引起、导致 | The new law gave rise to much debate. |
| set up | 建立、设立 | They set up a charity to help children. |
| set off | 出发；引发 | We set off early in the morning. |
| bring up | 抚养；提出 | She brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| turn out | 结果是、证明是 | The rumor turned out to be true. |
| turn to | 转向；求助于 | When in trouble, she turns to her friends. |
| take on | 承担；呈现 | He took on too much work last month. |
| take over | 接管、接手 | A new manager took over the project. |
| take place | 发生、举行 | The meeting will take place next week. |
| take for granted | 认为理所当然 | We often take clean water for granted. |
| take effect | 生效、起作用 | The new law takes effect next month. |
| take measures | 采取措施 | The city took measures to cut pollution. |
| participate in | 参加 | All students participated in the discussion. |
| deal with | 处理、应对 | The report deals with the problem of aging. |
| cope with | 应对、应付 | She learned to cope with stress. |
| get rid of | 摆脱、除掉 | We need to get rid of old habits. |
| dispose of | 处理、处置 | Factories must dispose of waste safely. |
| refer to | 指的是；参考 | The word "sustainable" refers to long-term use. |
| apply to | 适用于；向……申请 | The rule applies to all students. |
| appeal to | 呼吁；吸引 | The campaign appeals to young people. |
| respond to | 回应、对……作出反应 | The company responded to the complaint quickly. |
| adapt to | 适应 | It takes time to adapt to a new culture. |
| conform to | 遵守、符合 | Products must conform to safety rules. |
| comply with | 遵守、服从 | Drivers must comply with traffic laws. |
| adhere to | 坚持；遵守 | We must adhere to the basic principles. |
| stick to | 坚持、坚守 | Stick to your plan and do not give up. |
| insist on | 坚持、坚决要求 | She insisted on paying for the meal. |
| count on | 依靠、指望 | You can count on me for help. |
| focus on | 集中于、专注于 | The study focuses on children's reading habits. |
| resort to | 诉诸、求助于 | We should not resort to violence. |
| attach importance to | 重视 | The school attaches importance to reading. |
| pay attention to | 注意 | Pay attention to the details of the question. |
4.4.2 介词 / 连接性短语
| 词组 | 含义（中文） | 例句（自编） |
|---|---|---|
| in terms of | 就……而言 | The plan is costly in terms of time. |
| with regard to | 关于、至于 | With regard to your question, I have no answer. |
| in the light of | 根据、鉴于 | In the light of new evidence, the case was reopened. |
| in view of | 鉴于、考虑到 | In view of the weather, the game was canceled. |
| on account of | 因为、由于 | The flight was delayed on account of the storm. |
| due to | 由于 | The delay was due to bad weather. |
| owing to | 由于 | Owing to the rain, the event was postponed. |
| thanks to | 多亏、由于 | Thanks to your help, we finished on time. |
| as a result of | 由于……的结果 | As a result of the fire, the factory closed. |
| in response to | 作为对……的回应 | The policy changed in response to public pressure. |
| in addition to | 除……之外（还） | In addition to English, she speaks French. |
| apart from | 除……之外 | Apart from the cost, the plan is good. |
| rather than | 而不是 | He chose to walk rather than drive. |
| other than | 除了 | There is nothing to do other than wait. |
| instead of | 代替、而不是 | She took the bus instead of driving. |
| in spite of | 尽管 | In spite of the difficulties, they succeeded. |
| regardless of | 不管、不顾 | The rule applies regardless of age. |
| in contrast to | 与……形成对比 | In contrast to his brother, he is very quiet. |
| compared with | 与……相比 | Compared with last year, sales have doubled. |
| at the expense of | 以……为代价 | He finished the job at the expense of his health. |
| in favor of | 支持、赞成 | Most voters are in favor of the new law. |
| by means of | 通过、借助 | They communicate by means of sign language. |
| by virtue of | 凭借、由于 | She succeeded by virtue of hard work. |
| in the process of | 在……过程中 | The city is in the process of rebuilding. |
| on the basis of | 在……基础上 | Decisions are made on the basis of facts. |
| on behalf of | 代表 | She spoke on behalf of the whole team. |
| for the sake of | 为了……起见 | He moved abroad for the sake of his career. |
| in pursuit of | 追求、追寻 | She traveled far in pursuit of knowledge. |
| in an attempt to | 试图、企图 | The company cut prices in an attempt to win customers. |
| at odds with | 与……不一致、与……不和 | His views are at odds with the evidence. |
| at random | 随机地 | The names were chosen at random. |
| at best | 充其量、至多 | The plan is, at best, a short-term fix. |
| as a whole | 总体上、作为一个整体 | The society as a whole benefits from education. |
| as a result | 结果、因此 | He studied hard and, as a result, passed the exam. |
| as well as | 以及、和；不但……而且 | She sings as well as dances. |
| in effect | 实际上；生效 | The two systems are, in effect, the same. |
| in essence | 本质上 | In essence, the two ideas are alike. |
| in short | 简而言之 | In short, the plan will not work. |
| in general | 一般来说、总体上 | In general, prices have risen this year. |
| in particular | 尤其、特别 | I enjoyed the second chapter in particular. |
| in detail | 详细地 | The report explains the method in detail. |
| in turn | 依次；反过来 | Each student spoke in turn. |
| in return | 作为回报 | She helped him and asked for nothing in return. |
| in order to | 为了 | We left early in order to catch the train. |
| in case | 以防、万一 | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| in the long run | 从长远看 | Exercise pays off in the long run. |
| on the whole | 总的来说 | On the whole, the results are encouraging. |
| on the contrary | 相反 | He is not lazy; on the contrary, he works hard. |
| on the other hand | 另一方面 | The job pays well; on the other hand, it is tiring. |
| on average | 平均 | On average, students read one book a month. |
| over time | 随着时间推移 | Habits form over time. |
| for instance | 例如 | Many animals, for instance, dolphins, are social. |
| such as | 例如 | Fresh fruit, such as apples, is good for you. |
| a variety of | 各种各样的 | The shop sells a variety of goods. |
| a wide range of | 广泛的、多种多样的 | The course covers a wide range of topics. |
五、每天怎么用（操作建议）
- 每天固定过一组核心词（10–20 个），每个都套用「第二节模板」写一句自己的话。
- 遇到讲义（英语·01—08）例句里的生词，就地摘录到本表对应主题（4.2）或对应词性（4.1）位置，标上它在句中的成分。
- 每周末回看本周标记 ⚠️/❌ 的词，重新用「词根词缀 + 例句」再过一遍。
- 刷到第二遍时，专门过一遍「4.3 熟词僻义」，用「熟义 vs 僻义」对照记。
词汇腿与语法腿同步推进：语法腿解决「读懂句子结构」，词汇腿解决「看懂句中的词」，两条腿缺一不可。