单元目标：用学过的语法规则自己造正确句子、组织段落，完成小作文和大作文。写作是「输出」，反向巩固整套语法体系。
前置：已完成前面所有单元（词类→篇章阅读）。
8.0 写作评分标准（先知道「阅卷人看什么」）
8.0.1 小作文（应用文）评分标准
- 是什么/定义：小作文满分 10 分，要求写一封书信或一则通知/告示，约 100 词。
- 示例/范文：评分点＝①格式是否正确（称呼、落款、通知标题等）；②是否覆盖题目要求的所有内容要点；③语言是否准确、得体。
- 拆解：审题时先把「题目要求写哪几件事」圈出来，每个要点对应正文一句话，宁可少写一句套话，也不漏一个要点。
- 怎么考：①漏掉题目明确要求的某个信息（如时间、地点、资质要求）；②字数明显不足 80 词或超过 120 词。
- 易错坑点：语气用错——对老师用正式礼貌语气，对朋友才可用轻松语气；通知不能用书信的「Dear ...」开头。
- 配套练习：拿到任意一篇小作文真题，先别写，只列出「必须覆盖的要点」清单；再对照参考范文核对是否全覆盖。
8.0.2 大作文（短文）评分标准
- 是什么/定义：大作文满分 20 分，要求约 160–200 词（标点符号不计入）。
- 示例/范文：阅卷从三个维度打分——内容（切题、观点明确、论据充分）、语言（语法准确、用词恰当、句式多样）、结构（段落清晰、衔接自然、有逻辑）。
- 拆解：字数不足会直接扣分，但堆砌模板、内容空洞同样低分；三段式「描述 → 分析 → 评论」是英一主流骨架。
- 怎么考：①字数低于 160 词或超过 200 词过多；②只描述图画/图表，完全不分析寓意；③通篇背模板句，无实质观点。
- 易错坑点：先追求「写完 + 写对」，再追求「写长 + 写复杂」；一个长难句用错，不如两个正确的中等句子。
- 配套练习：默写三段式骨架（每段第一句的功能），并给自己设定「160 词下限」的计时写作训练。
8.1 句子写作（地基）
8.1.1 造正确句子的原则
- 是什么/定义：用 5 大基本句型搭骨架（见第三单元），再往上挂修饰成分（从句、非谓语、介词短语）。
- 示例/范文：
- 骨架句：
Reading broadens our horizons.（主谓宾） - 挂修饰：
Reading, which opens a window to the world, broadens our horizons.（加非限制性定语从句） - 拆解：先写「谁 + 做什么 + 宾语」的裸句，再逐个加时间、地点、原因、结果等修饰，每加一处检查是否仍只有一个谓语。
- 怎么考：①中译英时逐词硬译导致中文语序错误；②修饰成分过长导致谓语找不到。
- 易错坑点：一句话出现多个谓语——
There are many people support this view.（❌）应改为Many people support this view.或There are many people who support this view. - 配套练习：把「越来越多的人意识到保护环境的重要性」写成两种正确句子（用 There be 结构与动词结构各一句）。参考答案：
More and more people realize the importance of protecting the environment./There are more and more people who realize the importance of protecting the environment.
8.1.2 升级句子的手段
- 是什么/定义：在正确的基础上，让句子变长、变高级——加定语/状语从句、用非谓语替换重复从句、用连接词衔接。
- 示例/范文：
- 加状语从句：
We should protect the environment because it is the foundation of our survival. - 用非谓语：
Faced with heavy pressure, many students choose to give up.（过去分词作状语，替代When they are faced with ...） - 拆解：第一步用连接词（however、therefore、in addition）把短句连成逻辑整体；第二步把其中一句的从句改成非谓语，减少重复；第三步替换高级词汇（important → crucial / significant）。
- 怎么考：①从句和非谓语混用导致悬垂结构；②连接词与逻辑不符（用 however 表示递进）。
- 易错坑点：非谓语的主语必须与主句主语一致——
Walking on the street, a car hit him.（❌，逻辑主语是 a car）应改为Walking on the street, he was hit by a car. - 配套练习：把两句合成一句：
He finished his homework. He went out to play.（要求用非谓语）参考答案：Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
8.1.3 易错点（汇总）
- 是什么/定义：写作中最常见的三类语法错误，写完后必须回头自查。
- 示例/范文：主谓不一致
The number of students are increasing.（❌，应为is，主语是 the number）；时态混乱He said he will come.（❌，应为would come）。 - 拆解：写完每句默念「主语是谁→谓语单复数对不对→时态现在/过去统一吗→一个句子几个谓语」。
- 怎么考：①第三人称单数漏加 s；②过去发生的事混用一般现在时；③一句内两个动词都用了谓语形式。
- 易错坑点：
the number of + 复数名词作主语用单数；a number of + 复数名词用复数——这是高频考点。 - 配套练习：改错：
The majority of students in our class is from the countryside.参考答案：The majority of students in our class are from the countryside.（the majority of + 复数名词，谓语用复数）
8.2 小作文（书信 / 通知等，约 100 词）
8.2.1 常见类型
- 是什么/定义：英一小作文考「应用文」，以书信为主，偶尔考通知/告示；书信常见类型有建议信、投诉信、感谢信、道歉信、邀请信、申请信、推荐信等。
- 示例/范文：近十年真实考点——2009 建议信、2011/2015 推荐信、2012 欢迎+建议信、2013 邀请信、2010 通知（见下方各节）。
- 拆解：无论哪种类型，正文都走「目的（我为什么写）→ 内容（具体事项）→ 结尾（期待回复/再次致谢）」三段。
- 怎么考：①识别不出题目要求的是哪种信，用错开头句；②把书信写成通知、把通知写成书信。
- 易错坑点：通知不是书信——没有「Dear ...」称呼，也没有「Yours sincerely」落款，而是标题 + 正文 + 署名单位。
- 配套练习：判断下面两题分别是「书信」还是「通知」：①给留学生写信欢迎并提建议；②以学生会名义发一则关于讲座的告示。参考答案：①书信；②通知。
8.2.2 书信格式（含落款区别）
- 是什么/定义：书信由四部分组成——称呼、正文、结束语（落款）、署名。
- 示例/范文（格式示范）：
Dear Professor Wang, ← 称呼（知道姓名） 正文（三段式）... Yours sincerely, ← 结束语 Li Ming ← 署名（题目要求署名则用给定名） - 拆解：
1. 称呼：知道姓名用Dear Mr. Smith / Dear Professor Wang；不知道姓名用Dear Sir/Madam。
2. 正文：目的 → 内容 → 结尾。
3. 落款：知道收信人姓名（Dear Mr./Ms./Professor + 姓）用Yours sincerely（或Sincerely yours）；称呼是 Dear Sir/Madam（不知道姓名）用Yours faithfully（或Faithfully yours）。
4. 署名：题目规定署名（如 Li Ming）就用规定的，不写自己的真实姓名。 - 怎么考：①落款与称呼搭配错误；②写了真实姓名；③把日期位置放错（书信中日期一般可省略，通知中放末尾）。
- 易错坑点：最容易丢分的就是
sincerely / faithfully用混——记一句口诀：「知道姓名 sincerely，Dear Sir/Madam 用 faithfully」。 - 配套练习：判断落款：称呼为
Dear Sir/Madam，落款应写什么？参考答案：Yours faithfully。
8.2.3 书信·通用功能句（模板骨架）
- 是什么/定义：跨类型通用的「开头句」和「结尾句」，先背熟，再按类型替换。
- 示例/范文：
- 开头：
I am writing to ...（我写信是为了……）- 建议：
I am writing to offer some suggestions on ... - 投诉：
I am writing to complain about ... - 感谢：
I am writing to express my sincere gratitude for ... - 道歉：
I am writing to express my sincere apology for ... - 邀请：
I am writing to invite you to ... - 申请：
I am writing to apply for ... - 推荐：
I am writing to recommend ... to you.
- 建议：
- 结尾：
I would appreciate it if you could .../I look forward to your early reply./Thank you again for ... - 拆解：先确定信的类型 → 选对应开头句 → 正文写 2–3 个要点 → 用结尾句收尾。
- 怎么考：①开头句与信的类型不匹配（写感谢信却用
complain about）；②结尾语气与关系不符。 - 易错坑点：
appreciate it if ...中的it不能丢；look forward to后接动名词（look forward to hearing from you，不是to hear）。 - 配套练习：把「我写信是为了投诉上周买的手机」写成英语开头句。参考答案：
I am writing to complain about the mobile phone I bought last week.
8.2.4 建议信（真题：2009 白色污染治理对策）
- 是什么/定义：针对某个问题提出 2–3 条具体可行的建议。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2009）：
Dear Editor,
I am writing to offer some suggestions on how to curb the "white pollution" caused by disposable plastic bags in our city.
Plastic bags, though convenient, are thrown away after one use and take hundreds of years to break down, threatening soil and water. To address this, I would suggest the following measures. First, supermarkets should charge a small fee for each plastic bag so that consumers are encouraged to bring their own reusable bags. Second, the government could launch public campaigns to raise awareness of the harm of white pollution. Finally, degradable or cloth bags should be promoted as substitutes.
I hope you find my suggestions helpful, and I would appreciate it if you could voice them in your newspaper.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段表明身份与写信目的 → 第二段列建议（用 First / Second / Finally 分层）→ 第三段表达希望。
- 怎么考：①建议空泛（只说「要重视」，不说「怎么做」）；②只给一条建议撑不满字数。
- 易错坑点：建议信要用委婉建议（
should / could / it would be better to），不要用命令语气（you must）。 - 配套练习：给学校图书馆写一条「延长开放时间」的建议，用
I would suggest that ...开头。参考答案：I would suggest that the library extend its opening hours to 10 p.m. on weekdays.
8.2.5 投诉信
- 是什么/定义：对购买的商品或接受的服务表示不满，说明问题并提出解决要求。
- 示例/范文：
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about the electronic dictionary I bought from your online store last week, which has failed to work properly.
The dictionary arrived on time, but it switches itself off after only a few minutes of use, and several keys do not respond at all. I am therefore unable to use it for my English study, which is very disappointing.
I would be grateful if you could arrange a replacement or a full refund as soon as possible. I have attached a copy of the receipt. I look forward to your early reply.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段说明投诉对象（什么商品/服务、何时购买）→ 第二段具体描述问题 → 第三段提出诉求（换货/退款）。
- 怎么考：①问题描述不清，阅卷人看不出「坏在哪」；②只抱怨不提出解决要求。
- 易错坑点：投诉信语气要礼貌而坚定（
I would be grateful if ...），不要情绪化辱骂。 - 配套练习：写出「投诉信」的第三段诉求句（要求退款）。参考答案：
I would appreciate it if you could give me a full refund.
8.2.6 感谢信
- 是什么/定义：对别人的帮助、礼物或款待表达感谢。
- 示例/范文：
Dear Professor Wang,
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for the patient guidance you gave me during the preparation of my graduation thesis.
Without your careful reading and valuable suggestions, I could hardly have completed the thesis on time. Your rigorous attitude towards research has taught me not only how to write but also how to think critically, which will benefit me for the rest of my life.
Once again, thank you very much for your generous help. Please do not hesitate to let me know if there is anything I can do in return.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段点明感谢什么 → 第二段具体说明对方帮助的价值 → 第三段再次致谢、表达回报意愿。
- 怎么考：①感谢对象与内容不具体，空喊 thank you；②感谢信写成求职信。
- 易错坑点：
appreciate与thank的搭配——I appreciate your help（接名词），I thank you for your help（接人 + for）。 - 配套练习：把「感谢你上周帮我修改作文」写成一句。参考答案：
Thank you for helping me polish my composition last week.
8.2.7 道歉信（真题：2008 错拿/弄丢 CD）
- 是什么/定义：为某件错事道歉，并提出补救办法。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2008）：
Dear Mike,
I am writing to express my sincere apology for losing the CD you kindly lent me last week.
I know how much you value it, and I feel terribly sorry for my carelessness. To make up for it, I have ordered a new copy online, which should arrive in about three days. If you would prefer, I can also transfer the money to you so that you can choose another one yourself. I promise to be more careful with others' belongings from now on.
Again, please accept my apology, and I hope this does not affect our friendship.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段直接道歉并说明缘由 → 第二段给出 1–2 个补救方案 → 第三段再次致歉、表示不再犯。
- 怎么考：①只道歉不给解决办法；②道歉理由编得太牵强。
- 易错坑点：道歉信开头要明确出现
apologize / apology，避免阅卷人识别不出信的类型。 - 配套练习：写出道歉信的补救句（「我会尽快买一个新的还给你」）。参考答案：
I will buy a new one and return it to you as soon as possible.
8.2.8 邀请信（真题：2013 邀请外国老师当评委）
- 是什么/定义：邀请某人参加活动，需说明活动的时间、地点、内容。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2013）：
Dear Professor Smith,
On behalf of the Students' Union, I am writing to invite you to be a judge for the English Speech Contest to be held in the auditorium at 7 p.m. next Friday.
The contest, with the theme "The Power of Dreams", will involve twenty finalists selected from all departments. We would be honored if you could attend and offer your comments on the contestants' performance. If you are available, please let us know before this Friday so that we can make proper arrangements.
We sincerely hope you can come and look forward to your favorable reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段说明邀请事由与活动时间地点 → 第二段补充活动内容与被邀请人角色 → 第三段表达期待。
- 怎么考：①漏写时间或地点（这是题目必给的要点）；②邀请语气生硬。
- 易错坑点：邀请信以将来时为主（
will be held / will involve），不要通篇用过去时。 - 配套练习：写出邀请信的时间地点句。参考答案：
The lecture will be held in the lecture hall at 3 p.m. this Friday.
8.2.9 申请信
- 是什么/定义：申请某个职位、项目或资格，说明自己的优势。
- 示例/范文：
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of part-time teaching assistant advertised on your university website.
I am a senior majoring in English with a solid academic record, and I have passed CET-6 with a high score. What is more, I have two years of experience tutoring high school students, which has sharpened my ability to explain complicated ideas in simple words. I believe these strengths make me a suitable candidate for the position.
I have enclosed my resume and would be grateful if you could consider my application. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段说明申请什么 + 从何得知 → 第二段列举 2–3 条自身优势 → 第三段附材料、期待回复。
- 怎么考：①优势与所申请岗位不匹配；②只有一句「我很优秀」而无具体证据。
- 易错坑点：申请信里常用
be qualified for / be a suitable candidate for，注意介词搭配。 - 配套练习：写出「申请信」优势句（用
What is more连接两条优势）。参考答案：I have a good command of English. What is more, I have rich experience in organizing campus activities.
8.2.10 推荐信（真题：2011 推荐电影 / 2015 推荐一本书）
- 是什么/定义：向对方推荐一本书、一部电影或一个人，并说明推荐理由。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2015 读书俱乐部推荐书）：
Dear members,
I am writing to recommend a book for our next reading session: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway.
The book tells the story of an old fisherman's struggle with a giant fish and, through this simple plot, conveys the power of perseverance and dignity in the face of defeat. It is short but profound, and its concise language makes it an ideal choice for our club members who want to improve their English while enjoying a literary classic.
I hope you will enjoy it as much as I did. We will discuss it at our meeting next Saturday afternoon.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming - 拆解：第一段直接推荐对象 → 第二段给出 2–3 条推荐理由（内容、价值、适读性）→ 第三段表达希望与后续安排。
- 怎么考：①推荐理由空洞（只说「很好」）；②把「推荐信」误写成「感谢信」。
- 易错坑点：推荐书名/电影名要用斜体或书名号标出，注意首字母大写。
- 配套练习：写出推荐信的理由句（用
not only ... but also ...）。参考答案：The book is not only instructive but also entertaining.
8.2.11 通知 / 告示（真题：2010 招募志愿者）
- 是什么/定义：以组织（学生会、研究生会等）名义发布的公告，说明活动内容、时间、地点、要求等。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2010）：
Notice
Volunteers Wanted for the International Conference on Globalization
The Postgraduates' Association is now recruiting volunteers for the International Conference on Globalization to be held on our campus from May 15 to 17.
Applicants should meet the following requirements:
1. A good command of English, especially spoken English;
2. A strong sense of responsibility and good communication skills;
3. Previous volunteer experience is preferred.Those interested are welcome to sign up at the Students' Union office (Room 201, Building 3) before April 30. For more information, please contact us at pga@university.edu.
Postgraduates' Association
April 20, 2010 - 拆解：① 标题
Notice（居中）；② 正文写「活动 + 时间地点 + 要求 + 报名方式」；③ 末尾署名单位 + 日期（单位在上、日期在下）。 - 怎么考：①漏掉标题 Notice；②用
Dear ...开头（❌）；③忘记署名单位或日期。 - 易错坑点：通知语气客观正式、多用于招募/告知，不能用
I am writing to ...这种书信句式开头。 - 配套练习：写一则讲座通知的开头两句。参考答案：
A lecture on English writing will be given by Professor Li in the lecture hall at 7 p.m. this Friday. All students are welcome.
8.3 大作文（图画 / 图表作文，约 160–200 词）
8.3.1 英一题型与评分要求
- 是什么/定义：英一大作文给一幅/两幅图画或图表，要求描述 → 分析寓意 → 发表评论；字数约 160–200 词（20 分）。
- 示例/范文：英一传统上以「图画作文」为主（如 2010 文化火锅、2015 低头族、2017 阅读、2019 坚持）；2026 年首次出现「双图表题」（养老机器人，一张饼图 + 一张柱状图），意味着图表作文也必须准备。
- 拆解：无论图画还是图表，都按三段式：第一段描述，第二段分析，第三段评论。
- 怎么考：①只描述不分析（漏掉第二段核心，得分直接掉档）；②图画与图表混用同一套描述句式。
- 易错坑点：图画作文用现在时描述画面、图表作文用过去时描述数据；描述时不要添加主观评价（第一段只客观说「看到了什么」）。
- 配套练习：判断：2026 年英一大作文考查的是哪种题型？参考答案：双图表题（饼图 + 柱状图，主题为养老机器人）。
8.3.2 三段式结构
- 是什么/定义：英一大作文的通用骨架——第一段描述、第二段分析、第三段评论。
- 示例/范文（骨架）：
1. 第一段·描述图画/图表：客观呈现画面内容或数据（人物、动作、文字 / 数值、比例、趋势）。
2. 第二段·分析寓意：点出图画/图表反映的社会现象，用举例、因果、对比等方法展开论证。
3. 第三段·评论建议：发表看法、提出建议、总结升华。 - 拆解：三段篇幅大致为「3 : 4 : 3」或「3 : 5 : 3」，第二段最重；每段首句直接亮功能，阅卷人一眼看懂结构。
- 怎么考：①三段失衡（描述占去大半，分析只有一句）；②段落之间无衔接词，读起来跳跃。
- 易错坑点：第一段描述不要「抢戏」——图画作文中，寓意分析才是得分核心，描述通常 2–3 句即可。
- 配套练习：为「低头族」图画作文写出三段各自的第一句（功能句）。参考答案：描述
As is shown in the picture, four young people are sitting around a table, each staring at a mobile phone.分析The picture reflects a common phenomenon that face-to-face communication is being replaced by digital connection.评论In my opinion, we should put down our phones and cherish real communication.
8.3.3 图画描述·功能句
- 是什么/定义：第一段客观描述图画的句式。
- 示例/范文：
- 总起：
As is shown / depicted in the picture, ... - 人物动作：
A young man is sitting ..., staring at .../Two men are climbing a steep mountain. - 配文：
The caption reads: "..."（图下方文字是……） - 两图对比：
The two pictures present a sharp contrast between ... and ... - 拆解：按「谁 + 在哪 + 做什么 + 图上有什么字」的顺序写，用现在进行时或一般现在时。
- 怎么考：①看图抓不到关键人物动作；②描述夹杂个人评论（第一段应中立）。
- 易错坑点：描述用过去时（❌）——图画描述统一用现在时，因为描述的是「画面正在呈现」的内容。
- 配套练习：用
As is shown in the picture描述「一个人在读书」的画面。参考答案：As is shown in the picture, a young man is absorbed in reading a book, with a pile of books beside him.
8.3.4 寓意分析·功能句
- 是什么/定义：第二段点出寓意并过渡到论证的句式。
- 示例/范文：
- 点寓意：
The picture reflects a common phenomenon that .../The cartoonist aims to remind us that ... - 过渡：
This reminds me of a widely discussed issue in today's society./What lies behind the picture is ... - 表意义：
... plays a vital role in .../... is of great significance to ... - 拆解：先一句点出「图画象征什么现象/道理」，再用 2–3 句展开（原因、影响或举例），最后可回扣图画。
- 怎么考：①只复述画面不提炼寓意；②寓意点得太偏，与画面主题无关。
- 易错坑点：第二段是得分核心，切忌只有一句「这个现象很重要」就跳到第三段，务必展开论证。
- 配套练习：写出「图画反映一个普遍现象」的功能句并补一个具体现象。参考答案：
The picture reflects a common phenomenon that many young people are addicted to mobile phones and ignore the people around them.
8.3.5 论证方法（举例 / 因果 / 正反对比）
- 是什么/定义：第二段展开论证的三种基本方法，让分析「有内容、有逻辑」。
- 示例/范文（功能句）：
- 举例论证：
For example / For instance, .../Take ... as an example./A case in point is ... - 因果论证：
The reason why ... is that .../This is largely due to .../As a result, .../Consequently, ... - 正反对比：
On the one hand, ...; on the other hand, .../While some people ..., others .../By contrast, ... - 拆解：
1. 举例：提出观点 → 举一个具体例子 → 回扣观点（例子要具体到「谁做了什么事」）。
2. 因果：陈述现象 → 追原因（because / due to）→ 推结果（therefore / as a result）。
3. 对比：摆出两种对立做法/态度 → 分别简述 → 点明孰优孰劣。 - 怎么考：①只会写观点不会举例，内容空洞；②因果链断裂（原因与结果不搭）。
- 易错坑点：举例时用
For example后仍写空话——例子的关键是「具体、可感知」，不是再重复一句大道理。 - 配套练习：用「举例论证」写两句，论证「坚持能带来成功」。参考答案：
Persistence can lead to success. Take Edison as an example: he failed thousands of times before finally inventing the light bulb, yet he never gave up.
8.3.6 评论建议·功能句
- 是什么/定义：第三段发表看法、提出建议、总结升华的句式。
- 示例/范文：
- 亮观点：
In my opinion / From my perspective / As far as I am concerned, ... - 提建议：
We should .../It is advisable to .../The government / schools / individuals are supposed to ... - 总结升华：
Only in this way can we .../As the saying goes, ...（引一句谚语收尾） - 拆解：先一句表明态度 → 提 1–2 条可操作建议 → 用倒装句或谚语升华收尾。
- 怎么考：①建议与第二段分析脱节；②结尾突然结束、无升华句。
- 易错坑点：
Only in this way置于句首要倒装——Only in this way can we build a better society.（谓语 can 提到主语 we 前）。 - 配套练习：把「只有这样我们才能创造更美好的未来」写成倒装句。参考答案：
Only in this way can we create a better future.
8.3.7 图表作文（2026 双图表题·必学）
- 是什么/定义：图表作文要求先描述图表数据，再分析数据背后的原因/趋势，最后发表评论。2026 年英一大作文首次考查双图表题（一张饼图 + 一张柱状图，主题「养老机器人」）。
- 示例/范文（真题风格·2026，双图表）：
The two charts illustrate the public's attitudes towards care robots for the elderly. The pie chart shows that 39.3% of respondents fully accept such robots and 32.8% partially accept them, while 27.9% do not. The bar chart reveals the factors behind these attitudes: safety ranks first at 46.3%, followed by price at 24.9% and convenience at 10.7%.
What lies behind the figures is that, although care robots are gradually winning public trust, safety remains the top concern. Many people still worry that robots cannot offer the warmth and reliability of human caregivers, and the high cost also holds back wider acceptance. Meanwhile, the growing aging population makes such robots an increasingly important solution to the shortage of elderly care.
From my perspective, we should embrace this technology with an open mind while addressing people's concerns. Manufacturers should improve the safety and lower the price of care robots, and the government may provide subsidies to make them more accessible. Only in this way can technology truly serve the elderly.
- 拆解：
1. 第一段·描述数据：先总述图表内容，再逐图描述关键数值（占比、排名）。
2. 第二段·解读数据：分析数据背后的原因或反映的趋势。
3. 第三段·评论建议：发表看法、提出建议。 - 怎么考：①把两张图的数据全罗列、不分主次；②只列数字不分析原因。
- 易错坑点：双图表题必须点明两张图的关联（饼图=态度，柱状图=态度背后的因素），否则被判定为「两张图各写各的、无逻辑」。
8.3.7.1 图表描述句式（上升 / 下降 / 占比）
- 是什么/定义：描述图表数据变化的专用句型。
- 示例/范文：
- 上升：
The number of ... increased / rose / climbed from ... to .../... witnessed a steady upward trend./There was a significant increase in ... - 下降：
The figure decreased / declined / dropped / fell by X%./... experienced a downward trend./... saw a sharp decline. - 占比：
... account(s) for X% (of the total)./... make(s) up X%./... constitute(s) X%./X% of respondents ... - 对比/排名：
A ranks first at X%, followed by B at Y%./A is almost three times as high as B. - 拆解：描述时用过去时（数据是过去调查的结果）；「占比」优先用
account for / make up；「排名」用rank first / second。 - 怎么考：①动词时态用错；②把「占比」和「数量」混用。
- 易错坑点：
account for后直接接百分比——Safety accounts for 46.3%.；「上升了 X%」用by X%（increase by），「上升到 X%」用to X%（increase to）。 - 配套练习：写出「销售额从 2010 年的 100 万上升到 2020 年的 500 万」的英文。参考答案：
Sales increased from 1 million in 2010 to 5 million in 2020.
8.3.8 真题范文（图画作文精选）
8.3.8.1 2017 真题·阅读的重要性（两图对比）
- 是什么/定义：真题图画为左右两图——左图男孩面前堆满书却不读，右图男孩制定「一年读 20 本书」的计划并认真阅读。
- 示例/范文：
The two pictures describe a sharp contrast in attitudes towards reading. In the left picture, a young man sits beside a large pile of books but reads none of them; in the right picture, another young man sets a clear goal of reading twenty books a year and is absorbed in reading.
The cartoonist intends to remind us that it is reading, rather than merely owning books, that truly matters. In today's fast-paced society, many people collect books or share reading lists on social media, yet few actually finish reading them. The gap between "having books" and "reading books" reflects a widespread impatience with deep learning, which in turn weakens our ability to think independently.
In my opinion, we should read in a down-to-earth manner instead of paying lip service to reading. Setting a realistic reading plan and sticking to it day by day is far more rewarding than showing off a bookshelf. As the saying goes, a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, so let us start with one book today.
- 拆解：第一段用
sharp contrast框架对比两图 → 第二段点「重拥有、轻阅读」的寓意并析因 → 第三段提「踏实读书」建议 + 谚语升华。 - 怎么考：①两图作文只写一幅图；②没抓住「读书 vs 藏书」的对比关系。
- 易错坑点：对比类图画务必用对比连接（
while / whereas / in contrast），否则两图各自孤立。 - 配套练习：写出「对比两图」的总起句。参考答案：
The two pictures present a sharp contrast between owning books and actually reading them.
8.3.8.2 2019 真题·坚持（爬山）
- 是什么/定义：真题图画为两个登山者，一人精疲力竭想放弃，另一人鼓励他继续。
- 示例/范文：
The cartoon depicts two climbers on a steep mountain. The one in the front looks exhausted and says he wants to give up, while the other encourages him to keep going.
The picture conveys a valuable message: persistence is the key to overcoming difficulties on the road to success. Everyone, at some point, is confronted with setbacks that make us feel like quitting. Those who hold on and push forward will eventually reach the summit, while those who surrender halfway will never see the view from the top. Countless examples, from scientists who failed thousands of times before a breakthrough to athletes who trained for years for one championship, prove that perseverance turns ordinary effort into extraordinary achievement.
As far as I am concerned, we should cultivate the habit of persistence in both study and life. When we feel tired and want to give up, we can remind ourselves that success often lies just one step beyond the point where we planned to stop.
- 拆解：第一段描述两人动作与对话 → 第二段点「坚持」寓意 + 举例论证 → 第三段落实到「如何坚持」。
- 怎么考：①漏掉图中两人的对话信息；②「坚持」寓意泛化写成了「努力」。
- 易错坑点：第二段的举例论证要「具体」——
from scientists ... to athletes ...这种并列结构既具体又地道。 - 配套练习：写出「坚持是成功的关键」的功能句。参考答案：
Persistence is the key to success.
8.3.8.3 2015 真题·低头族（手机时代的聚会）
- 是什么/定义：真题图画为四名年轻人围坐餐桌却各自低头看手机、无人交谈。
- 示例/范文：
The picture shows four young people sitting around a dining table. Instead of talking to each other, each of them is staring at a mobile phone, absorbed in their own virtual world.
The scene reflects a common phenomenon in the age of smartphones: face-to-face communication is being replaced by digital connection. Although mobile phones keep us "connected" anytime and anywhere, they ironically push us apart when we are together. Excessive phone use at gatherings not only weakens family and friendship ties but also harms our real social skills and even our health.
In my view, we should strike a balance between the virtual and the real world. When we get together with family and friends, we should put down our phones and enjoy genuine conversation. Technology should serve our lives, not dominate them.
- 拆解：第一段描述「各看手机」的关键细节 → 第二段点「线上连接取代线下交流」并用
not only ... but also析危害 → 第三段提「放下手机」建议。 - 怎么考：①描述只写「玩手机」，没点出「无人交谈」的对比；②分析流于「手机有害」的口号。
- 易错坑点：
absorbed in、be addicted to、be immersed in是描述「沉迷」的高频短语，注意介词搭配。 - 配套练习：写出「沉迷手机」的短语并造句。参考答案：
be addicted to mobile phones→Many young people are addicted to mobile phones and ignore the people around them.
8.3.9 大作文易错点（汇总）
- 是什么/定义：大作文最容易翻车的五类问题。
- 示例/范文：只描述不分析、套模板过度、字数不足、时态混乱（图画用过去时/图表用现在时）、图表与图画句式混用。
- 拆解：写完自查五件事——①三段是否齐全且第二段最充实；②是否有具体论证（例子/原因/对比）；③字数是否 160–200；④时态是否统一；⑤是否有语法硬伤。
- 怎么考：①第二段只有一句空话；②模板句连篇但无实质内容。
- 易错坑点：模板只提供「框架」，不提供「内容」——真正的分数来自第二段的观点与论据，框架只需 3–5 句。
- 配套练习：写一篇 2017 或 2019 真题的完整作文，写完后用上面「五件事」逐条自检。
学完本单元的检验标准
- 能写出语法正确、结构清晰的简单句和复合句。
- 能按格式完成一封书信（建议/投诉/感谢/道歉/邀请/申请/推荐）和一则通知。
- 能按「描述 → 分析 → 评论」三段式完成一篇图画作文。
- 能用「上升/下降/占比」句式完成一篇图表作文（应对 2026 双图表新趋势）。
- 能正确区分落款
Yours sincerely（知道姓名）与Yours faithfully（Dear Sir/Madam）。
至此，英语 8 个单元全部完成。建议配合真题反复训练，并进入「词汇系统积累」这条腿持续背词。