单元目标:学会用连词把多个简单句拼接成复合句。这是考研长难句的核心。
前置:已掌握 5 大简单句句型(能标出主谓宾)。


4.1 并列句

4.1.1 什么是并列句

  • 是什么/定义:用并列连词 and / but / or / so 连接两个地位平等的独立分句,每个分句都有自己的主语和谓语。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:He is tired, but he keeps working.(他累了,但他继续工作)
  • ②真题风格·自编:Some economists argue that growth creates jobs, but others claim that automation destroys them.(一些经济学家认为增长创造就业,但另一些人声称自动化摧毁就业)
  • 拆解:He is tired(完整分句1:主 + 系 + 表)+ but + he keeps working(完整分句2:主 + 谓 + 宾)。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中抓住 but/so/or 判断前后逻辑(转折 / 因果 / 选择),这是判断题的题眼;②翻译中把 and 连接的超长并列结构拆成两个分句译。
  • 易错坑点:①并列句前后必须都是完整句子,不能前半句缺谓语(× He is tired, but keeps working);②「虽然…但是」的中文习惯不要搬进英语(见 4.4.3,although 不与 but 连用)。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断正误并改正:He is tired, but keeps working.
    2. 用 so 把两句合并成并列句:It rained hard. We stayed home.
    3. 划出两个分句并标出连词:The economy is slowing down, so many companies are cutting costs.
  • 答案:1. 错,应改为 He is tired, but he keeps working. 2. It rained hard, so we stayed home. 3. The economy is slowing down(分句1)/ many companies are cutting costs(分句2),连词 so 表结果。

4.1.2 while / whereas 表「对比」的并列

  • 是什么/定义:while / whereas 也可以作并列连词,连接两个分句表「而、然而」的对比关系(此时前后是并列句,不是状语从句)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:Some people prefer working alone, whereas others thrive in teams.(有人喜欢独自工作,而有人在团队里才出彩)
  • ②真题风格·自编:Traditional media once controlled the flow of news, while ordinary citizens now publish their own views online.(传统媒体曾掌控新闻流向,而如今普通公民自己就能在网上发布观点)
  • 拆解:Some people prefer working alone(完整分句)+ whereas + others thrive in teams(完整分句);两句地位平等、内容形成对比。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中 while 出现在句首/句中,先判断它表「虽然」(让步,见 4.4.3)还是「而」(对比);②对比句常是「新旧观点对比」的出题点。
  • 易错坑点:while 有两个身份——作让步连词(虽然)和作对比连词(而),只能靠句义区分,不能只看词形。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断句中 while 的含义:While I like the plan, I think it costs too much.
    2. 用 whereas 合并:Boys prefer football. Girls prefer volleyball.
  • 答案:1. 虽然(让步);2. Boys prefer football, whereas girls prefer volleyball.

4.2 名词性从句(从句整体当名词用)

一个句子(从句)整体充当名词成分——主语、宾语、表语、同位语。引导词:that(无意义)、whether(是否)、what/who/where 等疑问词。

4.2.1 主语从句

  • 是什么/定义:从句放在主语位置,作整个句子的主语。引导词 that(只连接、不译)、whether(是否)、what/who/where 等。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:That he is late surprises me.(他迟到这件事让我惊讶)
  • ②真题:Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.(1995年英一翻译)
  • ③真题:Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.(1994年英一翻译第75题)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础句:That he is late 整个作主语,谓语是 surprises。
  • 真题②:Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading 作主语,谓语是 depends;谓语之后全是 depends on 的宾语。
  • 真题③:Whether the government should increase... 作主语,谓语 depends;of which is seen as the driving force 是 issue 的修饰成分。
  • 怎么考:①翻译/阅读先找谓语(depends),再倒推谓语前面的整个 whether/that 从句就是主语;②that 从句作主语不译出 that,whether 译「是否」。
  • 易错坑点:①主语从句整体作主语时,谓语动词用单数;②用 it 作形式主语时(It depends... whether...),从句被后置到句尾,别把句子看丢。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 划出主语:Whether we can finish on time depends on the weather.
    2. 判断 that 是否在从句中充当成分:That he told a lie is obvious.
    3. 翻译:Whether the plan works remains to be seen.(真题风格·自编)
  • 答案:1. Whether we can finish on time(整个作主语);2. 不充当成分,that 只连接;3. 这个计划是否可行还有待观察。

4.2.2 宾语从句

  • 是什么/定义:从句作及物动词或介词的宾语,位置在谓语动词之后。引导词 that(可省略)、whether/if、what/who 等。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的)
  • ②真题:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.(1990年英一翻译)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础句:that he is right 作 know 的宾语。
  • 真题②:主干 Behaviorists suggest + that... 宾语从句;宾语从句主干 the child ... will experience greater intellectual development;中间的 who...(修饰 child)、where...(修饰 environment)、which...(修饰 stimuli)三层定语从句层层包裹,先剥掉修饰、抓主干。
  • 怎么考:①长句中 that 后接一大串内容,先切出主句谓语,再确认 that 从句到哪里结束;②翻译时宾语从句通常顺译。
  • 易错坑点:①suggest 表「表明、暗示」时从句用陈述语气,表「建议」时才用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形);②多层定语从句嵌套时,先找从句谓语 will experience,再往前找主语 the child。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 划出宾语从句:She believes that hard work pays off.
    2. 找出 1990 真题句中 will experience 的主语是谁。
  • 答案:1. that hard work pays off(作 believes 的宾语);2. 主语是 the child(即 the child ... will experience greater intellectual development)。

4.2.3 表语从句

  • 是什么/定义:从句放在系动词(be / seem / look 等)之后,作表语,说明主语「是什么」。引导词 that、whether、what 等。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:The problem is that we have no time.(问题是我们没时间)
  • ②真题风格·自编:The key question is whether such rapid progress can be sustained.(关键问题是这种高速进步能否持续)
  • 拆解:基础句中 that we have no time 作 is 的表语;真题风格句中 whether such progress can be sustained 作 is 的表语。
  • 怎么考:①识别系动词后紧跟的从句整体是表语;②「The + 名词 + is + that/whether 从句」结构在写作中可直接套用(The reason is that... / The question is whether...)。
  • 易错坑点:表语从句的 that 不能省略(与宾语从句不同);不要把表语从句误判成宾语从句——表语从句在系动词后,宾语从句在实义动词后。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断从句类型:The trouble is that we lack experience.
    2. 补全:The question is ____ we should go now.(whether / that)
  • 答案:1. 表语从句(is 后 that 从句作表语);2. whether(「是否」之意,that 无法表达疑问)。

4.2.4 同位语从句

  • 是什么/定义:从句跟在抽象名词(fact / news / idea / view / proof / claim / belief 等)之后,解释该名词的具体内容。引导词 that(只连接、不充当成分)、whether 等。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:The news that he won is true.(他赢了的消息是真的)
  • ②真题:These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.(2004年英一阅读 Text 4)
  • ③真题:They all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.(2020年英一阅读 Text 4)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础句:that he won 是 news 的同位语,解释 news 的内容。
  • 真题②:两个并列的 that 从句(that prevention works / that we can manage...)都是 proof 的同位语;最后的 that come naturally with age 是 problems 的定语从句(that 作主语,不能省略)。
  • 怎么考:①抽象名词 + that 从句,先判断是「同位语」(that 不充当成分)还是「定语」(that 充当成分);②阅读中同位语常是细节题的答案出处。
  • 易错坑点:同位语从句的 that 只起连接作用、在从句里不充当成分;而定语从句的 that 要充当成分(见 4.3)。这是两者最容易混淆的地方。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断画线部分是同位语从句还是定语从句:The idea that he proposed at the meeting is good.
    2. 同上:The idea that he would resign surprised us all.
    3. 找出 2004 真题句中 proof 的同位语从句。
  • 答案:1. 定语从句(that 作 proposed 的宾语);2. 同位语从句(that 不充当成分,解释 idea 内容);3. that prevention works 和 that we can manage the health problems... 两个从句都是 proof 的同位语。

4.2.5 what 名词性从句(高频,重点)

  • 是什么/定义:what = the thing(s) that,既引导从句,又在从句中充当成分(主语/宾语/表语),译作「……的东西/事情」。它是最容易被误当成疑问词的名词性从句引导词。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:What he said is true.(他说的话是真的 = The thing that he said is true)
  • ②真题:What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.(1998年英一 Text 2)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础句:What he said 作主语,what 在从句中作 said 的宾语。
  • 真题②:What is harder to establish(= the thing that is harder to establish)作主语从句,what 在从句中作主语;whether the productivity revolution ... is for real 作表语从句;中间 that businessmen assume they are presiding over 是 the productivity revolution 的定语从句。
  • 怎么考:①翻译时把 what 译成「……的事情/东西」,不能译成「什么」;②区分 what(有意义、充当成分)与 that(无意义、不充当成分);③what 可引导主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句。
  • 易错坑点:①把 what 从句当疑问句理解,导致整句译错;②选引导词时看从句缺不缺成分——缺成分用 what,不缺用 that。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 翻译:What matters most is not what we say but what we do.
    2. 选词:____ he needs is more time.(what / that)
    3. 说明 1998 真题句中 what 在从句里作什么成分。
  • 答案:1. 最重要的不是我们说什么,而是我们做什么。2. what(从句缺 needs 的宾语);3. what 在 What is harder to establish 中作主语。

4.3 定语从句(修饰名词,考研阅读最多)

4.3.1 什么是定语从句(关系代词总览)

  • 是什么/定义:从句修饰前面的名词(先行词),作用相当于形容词。关系代词 who(指人·主语)、whom(指人·宾语)、which(指物)、that(人/物皆可)、whose(……的,表所属)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:The book that I read is good.(我读的那本书很好)
  • ②基础:The man who is speaking is my teacher.(正在说话的人是我老师)
  • ③真题风格·自编:The policy which the government introduced last year has drawn wide criticism.(政府去年出台的政策招致广泛批评)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础①:that I read 修饰 book,that 在从句里作 read 的宾语(可省略)。
  • 基础②:who is speaking 修饰 the man,who 在从句里作主语(不可省略)。
  • 怎么考:①先找先行词,再判断关系代词在从句中作主语还是宾语;②作宾语时关系代词常被省略(The book I read is good),阅读时要能「补」回来。
  • 易错坑点:关系代词在从句里必须充当成分(主语或宾语);who 指人、which 指物、that 人/物都行;作主语时不能省略。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断画线关系代词能否省略:The man who called you is my uncle.
    2. 同上:The movie that we watched last night was boring.
  • 答案:1. 不能省略(who 作主语);2. 能省略(that 作 watched 的宾语)。

4.3.2 that 与 which 的区别(高频考点)

  • 是什么/定义:两者都指物,但 that 只能用于限制性定语从句,which 限用面更广。只能用 that 的情况:先行词被 the only / the very / 序数词 / 最高级修饰,或先行词是 all / everything / nothing / little 等不定代词。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书——最高级只能用 that)
  • ②真题:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001年英一翻译第71题)
  • 拆解:
  • 真题②:that will disable them 修饰 cars,that 在从句中作主语;when they offend 是时间状语从句。整句意为「将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目,以及装有污染监控器的汽车——一旦汽车排污超标,监控器就会令其停驶」。
  • 怎么考:①完形/翻译中选 that 还是 which,先看是否非限制性(有逗号,见 4.3.5)——非限制性只能用 which;②先行词有最高级/序数词/不定代词时只能用 that。
  • 易错坑点:①有逗号的非限制性定语从句不能用 that;②介词之后不能用 that(用 which,见 4.3.3)。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 选词:This is the most interesting film ____ I have seen.(that / which)
    2. 判断正误:The meeting, that was held yesterday, was a success.
    3. 翻译 2001 真题句的 that 从句部分。
  • 答案:1. that(最高级修饰);2. 错,非限制性定语从句不能用 that,应改 which;3. that will disable them when they offend = 当它们(汽车)排污超标时,(监控器)就会使其停驶。

4.3.3 介词 + 关系代词(in which / of which / for whom)

  • 是什么/定义:把原本在句尾的介词提前到关系代词前,构成「介词 + which(指物)/ whom(指人)」。介词由动词/形容词搭配或句义决定。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:This is the room in which I live.(= the room which I live in;这是我住的房间)
  • ②真题:The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience.(2022年英一新题型)
  • ③真题风格·自编:The report has three parts, of which the second is the most important.(报告有三部分,其中第二部分最重要)
  • 拆解:
  • 真题②:for whom 中 whom 指 students,for 来自「zoo visits were the crucial formative experience for them」——介词提前后从句不缺宾语。
  • 例句③:of which 表「其中」的所属关系,是「名词 + of which」结构(= the second of the three parts)。
  • 怎么考:①翻译时把「介词 + which/whom」还原成句尾介词来理解;②of which 表部分/所属(one of which / most of which),翻译成「其中」。
  • 易错坑点:①介词后用 whom(人)/ which(物),不能用 who 或 that;②介词不能漏(in which ≠ which);③不要忘记先行词,介词与先行词的搭配关系要能还原。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 合并:This is the house. I live in the house. → 用「介词 + which」
    2. 选词:The person ____ I talked is my friend.(to whom / to which / to who)
    3. 翻译:There are twenty students, most of whom come from rural areas.(真题风格·自编)
  • 答案:1. This is the house in which I live. 2. to whom(指人且介词后);3. 有二十名学生,其中大多数来自农村。

4.3.4 关系副词 when / where / why

  • 是什么/定义:when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因)引导定语从句,在从句中作状语,分别相当于「介词 + which」(when = in/on which;where = in which;why = for which)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:This is the place where I was born.(这是我出生的地方)
  • ②基础:I still remember the day when we first met.(我仍记得我们初次见面的那一天)
  • ③基础:The reason why he was late is unclear.(他迟到的原因不明)
  • ④真题:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年英一翻译)
  • 拆解:
  • 基础①:where I was born 修饰 place,where 在从句中作地点状语(= in the place)。
  • 真题④:主干 Pearson has pieced together the work... to produce... a calendar;that gives the latest dates 是 calendar 的定语从句;when we can expect... 修饰 dates,when 在从句中作时间状语。
  • 怎么考:①判断该用关系代词还是关系副词——看从句「缺不缺主语/宾语」:缺成分用 which/that,不缺(结构完整)才用 when/where/why;②翻译时把 when/where 还原为「在……时候/地方」。
  • 易错坑点:①从句缺宾语却误用 where(× This is the place where I visited → 应为 which/that,因为 visit 缺宾语);②why 的先行词通常是 reason,且较少用于非限制性定语从句。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 选词:This is the house _ I visited last year.(where / which)
    2. 选词:I'll never forget the day
    _ we graduated.(when / which)
    3. 判断 when 在 2001 真题句中修饰哪个词。
  • 答案:1. which(visited 缺宾语);2. when(从句 we graduated 结构完整,缺时间状语);3. 修饰 the latest dates。

4.3.5 非限制性定语从句(which 指代整句,阅读超高频)

  • 是什么/定义:用逗号与先行词隔开、起补充说明作用的定语从句。关键用法:which 可指代前面整个主句(译作「这/这一点」)。注意:不能用 that 引导。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.(他似乎没领会我的意思,这让我很不安)
  • ②真题:The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(1991年英一翻译第73题)
  • ③真题:The American society is established on an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.(2000年英一阅读第29题)
  • 拆解:
  • 真题②:which means that... 中的 which 指代前面整句(食品供应增长跟不上人口增长),译作「这」;that we are heading into a crisis... 是 means 的宾语从句。
  • 真题③:which is connected with... 中的 which 指代前面整句所述事实,译作「这一点」。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中 which 指代整句,是推理/细节题的关键线索,须先明确 which 指什么;②翻译时把 which 译成「这」并另起一个分句。
  • 易错坑点:①which 指代的是前面整句话而非最近的名词,要结合句义判断;②非限制性定语从句不能用 that;③指人时用 who/whom 引导。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 翻译:He failed the exam again, which disappointed his parents.(真题风格·自编)
    2. 判断 which 指代什么:She was late again, which made the teacher angry.
    3. 改错:The plan, that was approved yesterday, will start next month.
  • 答案:1. 他又一次考试不及格,这让他父母很失望。2. which 指代前面整句「她又迟到了」这件事;3. 非限制性定语从句不能用 that,改为 which。

4.4 状语从句(修饰主句,表时间/原因/让步/条件等)

4.4.1 时间状语从句

  • 是什么/定义:说明主句动作发生的时间。引导词 when / while / as / after / before / as soon as / until。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:I was reading when he came in.(他进来时我在读书)
  • ②真题风格·自编:As soon as the results were announced, the market reacted sharply.(结果一公布,市场就剧烈反应)
  • 拆解:基础句中 when he came in 是时间状语从句,说明主句 I was reading 发生的时间。
  • 怎么考:①翻译时把 when/while/as 的时间关系译准确(while/as 强调「同时进行」);②从句在主句前时通常有逗号隔开。
  • 易错坑点:①when 引导的时间状语从句里不用将来时,用一般现在时代替(× when he will come → when he comes);②while 后接延续性动词,不与瞬间动词连用。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 改错:I will call you when I will arrive.
    2. 翻译:He had left before I arrived.
  • 答案:1. I will call you when I arrive.(时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来);2. 我到达之前他就已经离开了。

4.4.2 原因状语从句

  • 是什么/定义:说明主句的原因。引导词 because(语气最强)/ since / as,以及书面语中的 in that(= because,考研阅读高频)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:He stayed home because he was ill.(他生病了所以待在家)
  • ②真题风格·自编:Human beings differ from animals in that they can use language.(人类区别于动物,因为人能使用语言)
  • 拆解:基础句中 because he was ill 是原因状语从句,修饰主句 He stayed home;例句②中 in that they can use language 表原因。
  • 怎么考:①识别 in that 这种书面化的原因引导词(阅读/翻译高频);②because 引导的是「直接原因」,与 since/as(较弱的、已知的原因)区分语气。
  • 易错坑点:because 与 so 不能连用(中文「因为…所以」英语只用其一);because 后接的是完整从句,because of 后接名词。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断 in that 的含义并翻译:The plan is risky in that it depends on a single supplier.(真题风格·自编)
    2. 改错:Because it was late, so we went home.
  • 答案:1. in that = because,译:该计划有风险,因为它依赖单一供应商。2. 去掉 so(because 与 so 不能连用)。

4.4.3 让步状语从句

  • 是什么/定义:表示「虽然、尽管」的让步关系。引导词 although / though / even if / even though,以及 while(句首表「虽然」)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:Although he is young, he is wise.(他虽然年轻,却很明智)
  • ②真题:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年英一翻译第71题)
  • 拆解:
  • 真题②:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians 是 while 引导的让步状语从句(= 虽然历史学家的定义几乎跟历史学家一样多);主句 modern practice most closely conforms to one;that sees history as... 是 one 的定语从句。
  • 怎么考:①句首 while 先判断是「虽然」(让步)还是「而」(对比);②翻译时 while 让步译成「虽然/尽管」。
  • 易错坑点:although / though 与 but 不能同时用(中文「虽然…但是」在英语里只用其一);though 可放句尾表「不过」,although 不能。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 改错:Although he was tired, but he kept working.
    2. 判断 while 含义:While the idea sounds good, it is hard to put into practice.
  • 答案:1. 去掉 but(although 与 but 不连用);2. 虽然(让步)。

4.4.4 条件状语从句

  • 是什么/定义:表示「如果、只要、除非」的条件。引导词 if / unless(= if not)/ as long as(只要)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:If it rains, I will stay home.(如果下雨,我就待在家)
  • ②真题风格·自编:Unless we act now, the damage will become irreversible.(除非我们现在就行动,否则损害将不可逆转)
  • 拆解:基础句中 If it rains 是条件状语从句,主句 I will stay home;例句②中 Unless we act now 表「除非」。
  • 怎么考:①识别 unless 的否定含义(= if...not),阅读中易设陷阱;②as long as 表「只要」,是细节题的常考条件限定。
  • 易错坑点:条件状语从句同时间状语从句一样,用一般现在时代替将来时(× If it will rain → If it rains)。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 改错:If it will be sunny tomorrow, we will go hiking.
    2. 用 unless 改写:If you don't study hard, you will fail.
  • 答案:1. If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go hiking. 2. Unless you study hard, you will fail.

4.4.5 目的 / 结果 / 比较状语从句

  • 是什么/定义:目的 so that / in order that;结果 so...that / such...that;比较 than / as...as。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础:He ran fast so that he could catch the bus.(他跑得快,为的是赶上公交)
  • ②基础:He was so tired that he fell asleep at once.(他太累了,一下子就睡着了)
  • ③真题风格·自编:The project is not as simple as it first appears.(这个项目并不像乍看起来那么简单)
  • 拆解:例句①中 so that he could catch the bus 表目的;例句②中 that he fell asleep 是 so...that 的结果从句;例句③中 as it first appears 是比较从句。
  • 怎么考:①区分 so that(目的)与 so...that(结果)——目的表「为的是」,结果表「以至于」;②so + 形容词/副词 + that,such + 名词 + that,位置别搞混。
  • 易错坑点:so...that 与 such...that 中 so 后接形容词/副词、such 后接名词;so that 表目的时从句常含情态动词(can/could)。
  • 配套练习:
    1. 判断 so that 表目的还是结果:He got up early so that he could catch the first train.
    2. 用 so...that 完成句子:The box was ___ heavy ___ I couldn't lift it.
    3. 改错:It was such a good weather that we went out.
  • 答案:1. 目的(could catch);2. so...that(The box was so heavy that I couldn't lift it.);3. weather 不可数,去掉 a:It was such good weather that we went out.

进阶长难句示例(考研阅读级别)

长难句 1(同位语从句 + 宾语从句)

  • 例句:The fact that ordinary citizens are now able to publish their views online means that the traditional media no longer have a monopoly on the spread of information.
  • 拆解:
  • 主句主干:The fact ... means that ...(主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句)。
  • that ordinary citizens are now able to publish their views online 是 the fact 的同位语从句(that 在从句中不充当成分,只解释 fact 的内容)。
  • that the traditional media no longer have a monopoly ... 是 means 的宾语从句。
  • 要点:一个句子同时出现「同位语从句 + 宾语从句」,先切出主干,再定位各从句的归属。

长难句 2(并列句 + 定语从句 + 宾语从句)

  • 例句:Those who support the plan argue that it will create jobs, while those who oppose it claim that it will damage the environment.
  • 拆解:
  • 这是 while 连接的并列句(前后各一个完整主谓,while 表「而」)。
  • 前半句主干 Those ... argue that ...;who support the plan 是 those 的定语从句;that it will create jobs 是 argue 的宾语从句。
  • 后半句同理:who oppose it 定语从句、that it will damage... 宾语从句。
  • 要点:并列句 + 定语从句 + 宾语从句三合一,逐层剥离即可。

长难句 3(非限制性定语从句 which 指代整句,真题)

  • 例句:The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(1991年英一翻译第73题)
  • 拆解:
  • 主句:The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this。
  • which means that... 是非限制性定语从句,which 指代前面整句,译作「这」。
  • that we are heading into a crisis... 是 means 的宾语从句。
  • 要点:看到逗号 + which,先想「which 是否指代整句」;翻译时把 which 译成「这」并另起分句。

学完本单元的检验标准

  1. 拿到一个长难句,能「一刀一刀」切出主句和从句。
  2. 能判断从句类型:名词性 / 定语 / 状语从句,并说出引导词在从句里的作用。
  3. 能区分「同位语从句」和「定语从句」(that 是否在从句里充当成分)。
  4. 能认出 what 从句(= the thing that)并正确翻译。
  5. 见到逗号 + which,能判断它是否指代整句(译作「这」)。
  6. 能区分 that / which、会用「介词 + which/whom」、会选 when/where/why。

全部达到后,进入第五单元「非谓语动词 + 特殊句式」(长难句的最后难点)