单元目标:攻克长难句最后的难点——非谓语动词、特殊句式(倒装、强调、省略)以及虚拟语气。
前置:已掌握简单句和复合句。学完本单元,就具备拆解任意考研长难句的底层能力。
说明:本讲义中「真题例句」均标注真实年份;凡标注「真题风格·自编」者,为仿真题风格自行编写的例句,不是真题,切勿当作真题引用。


5.1 非谓语动词(本单元重点难点)

5.1.1 非谓语的本质

  • 是什么/定义:动词不能做谓语时的三种形式——to do(不定式)、doing(动名词/现在分词)、done(过去分词)。它们不充当谓语,而是充当名词、形容词、副词。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:I want to go home.(want 是谓语,to go 是非谓语作宾语)
  • ②真题例句:Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.(1999年·考研英语·阅读)
  • 拆解:一个句子里只能有一个谓语,其它动词必须「变形」成非谓语。上句谓语是 responded,句首 Feeling threatened 是现在分词作状语,writing / trying 分别作介宾动名词、目的状语。
  • 怎么考:①阅读长难句中判断哪个词才是真正的谓语(其余 doing / done / to do 都是非谓语);②翻译时先抓主干,非谓语按定语/状语译成对应成分。
  • 易错坑点:把非谓语当成谓语,导致一句话里"多谓语"而看不懂;见到 doing / done 要先判断它修饰谁、表主动还是被动。
  • 配套练习:判断谓语与非谓语并翻译——①The boy standing there is my brother. ②Broken by the storm, the tree fell.
  • 答案:①谓语 is,standing 是现在分词作定语,译"站在那儿的男孩是我哥哥";②谓语 fell,Broken 是过去分词作状语,译"被暴风雨折断后,这棵树倒了"。

5.1.2 不定式 to do

  • 是什么/定义:to + 动词原形,常表「目的」或「将来要做的事」,可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:To learn English well is useful.(作主语,学好英语有用)| I have a lot of homework to do.(作定语,修饰 homework)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:To master a foreign language, one needs years of practice.(不定式作目的状语)
  • 拆解:不定式可当名词(主语/宾语)、形容词(定语)、副词(状语)。看位置判断成分:句首多表目的,名词后多为定语。
  • 怎么考:①翻译中"为了…"常是不定式目的状语;②it 作形式主语时,真正主语是不定式(It is important to read books)。
  • 易错坑点:不定式表「将来/目的」,动名词表「抽象/已发生的动作」,语义不同,勿混用。
  • 配套练习:用不定式完成——①__(学英语)is important. ②He came here ____(见你).
  • 答案:①To learn English ②to see you

5.1.3 动名词 doing(名词性)

  • 是什么/定义:动词加 -ing 当名词用,表示「这件事 / 抽象动作」,作主语、宾语、表语。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:Reading is fun.(作主语)| I enjoy reading.(作宾语)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:Learning a foreign language requires patience and persistence.(动名词作主语)
  • 拆解:动名词占据名词的位置(主语/宾语/表语),可被物主代词或形容词修饰(my reading)。
  • 怎么考:①固定搭配:enjoy / finish / avoid / mind / suggest 等后只能接 doing;②介词后必须接 doing(be good at doing)。
  • 易错坑点:部分动词后 doing 与 to do 都能接但含义不同(remember doing 记得做过 / remember to do 记得去做)。
  • 配套练习:填空——①She enjoys __(dance). ②I am interested in ____(read)novels.
  • 答案:①dancing ②reading

5.1.4 现在分词 doing(形容词性,表主动/进行)

  • 是什么/定义:动词加 -ing 当形容词/副词用,表「主动、正在进行」,作定语、状语。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:The boy reading a book is my brother.(reading 修饰 boy,表主动进行)
  • ②真题例句:Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.(1999年·考研英语·阅读)
  • 拆解:句首 Feeling threatened 是现在分词短语作原因状语(逻辑主语=主句主语 companies,为主动关系);句尾 trying to… 作目的状语;主干为 companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels。
  • 怎么考:①长难句句首分词先找逻辑主语,判断主动(doing)/被动(done);②翻译成"正在…的 / 因…"。
  • 易错坑点:现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系;若主语是物且表被动,要改用过去分词。
  • 配套练习:改错并说明——①Seeing from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
  • 答案:①应改为 Seen from the hill(city 是"被看",与 see 是被动关系,用过去分词)。

5.1.5 过去分词 done(形容词性,表被动/完成)

  • 是什么/定义:动词的过去分词形式,当形容词/副词用,表「被动、已完成」,作定语、状语。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:The book written by Tom is good.(written 修饰 book,表被动)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:Faced with fierce competition, the company had to cut its prices.(过去分词作原因状语,表被动)
  • 拆解:过去分词与其逻辑主语是被动关系;作定语时相当于一个被动的定语从句(the book which was written by Tom)。
  • 怎么考:①句首过去分词作状语,找主句主语看是否"被…";②翻译成"被…的 / 由于被…"。
  • 易错坑点:现在分词 vs 过去分词——逻辑主语能"主动做"用 doing,能被"做"用 done(the exciting news / the excited boy)。
  • 配套练习:选择——The man ______(invited / inviting)to the party is our teacher.
  • 答案:invited(man 是"被邀请")。

5.1.6 动名词 vs 现在分词(快速区分)

  • 是什么/定义:动名词=「这件事」,当名词用(作主语/宾语);现在分词=「正在…的」,当形容词用(修饰名词)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:Reading books is good.(Reading 是动名词,作主语)| The reading boy is my brother.(reading 是现在分词,修饰 boy)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:Swimming is good exercise.(动名词作主语)| The swimming boy looks tired.(现在分词作定语)
  • 拆解:看位置——占据主语/宾语位置的是动名词;紧贴名词起修饰作用的是现在分词。
  • 怎么考:①判断 doing 的词性,帮助理解长难句结构;②动名词可作介词宾语(before leaving),分词则不能。
  • 易错坑点:同一个 -ing 词在不同位置词性不同,不要死记单词本身,要看它在句中的功能。
  • 配套练习:判断词性——①Collecting stamps is his hobby. ②The girl collecting stamps is his sister.
  • 答案:①动名词(作主语)②现在分词(作定语修饰 girl)。

5.2 倒装句

5.2.1 部分倒装

  • 是什么/定义:把助动词/情态动词提到主语前(谓语的一部分提前),多由句首的否定词、「Only + 状语」或「so + 形容词/副词」触发。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:Never have I seen such a thing.(我从未见过这样的事)
  • ②真题例句:
    • Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.(2004年·考研英语·Part B)
    • Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.(2019年·英一·阅读 Text3)
    • So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.(2001年·考研英语)
  • 拆解:「Only + 副词 recently」置于句首,主句把助动词 did 提到主语 linguists 前(did linguists begin),还原为 Linguists began... only recently;"So involved..."一句中 so + 形容词提前,助动词 do 提到主语 the children 前。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中看到「助动词 + 主语」要意识到是倒装,先还原正常语序;②写作/翻译中可用倒装增强表达。
  • 易错坑点:触发词——否定词在句首(never、hardly、little、not only、not until、under no circumstances 等);Only + 状语(副词/介词短语/状语从句) 在句首时,主句用部分倒装;so + 形容词/副词 位于句首表强调也倒装。注意:only 修饰主语时(Only he knows it)不倒装。
  • 配套练习:还原语序——①Not until the rain stopped did we leave. ②Only in this way can we solve the problem.
  • 答案:①We did not leave until the rain stopped. ②We can solve the problem only in this way.

5.2.2 完全倒装

  • 是什么/定义:整个谓语动词提到主语前,常表地点/方位,或表语(过去分词/形容词短语)置于句首。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:Here comes the bus.(公交车来了)
  • ②真题例句:Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.(1995年·考研英语·阅读)
  • 拆解:表语 Coupled with the growing quantity of information(过去分词短语)置于句首,谓语 is 提到主语 the development of technologies 前,属表语前置的完全倒装;还原为 The development of technologies ... is coupled with ...。
  • 怎么考:①识别表语前置倒装,找准真正的主语;②地点副词 here / there 开头常完全倒装。
  • 易错坑点:主语是代词时不倒装(Here it is,不说 Here is it)。
  • 配套练习:改倒装——①__(一位老人进来了)came an old man. ②There ____(be)a book on the desk.
  • 答案:①In ②is

5.2.3 as 引导的让步倒装

  • 是什么/定义:把表语(形容词/名词)或状语(副词)提到句首 + as + 主语 + 谓语,表示「尽管…」,是让步状语从句的倒装。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:Young as he is, he knows a lot.(尽管他年纪小,却懂得很多)=Although he is young, he knows a lot.
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:Difficult as the task was, they finished it on time.(尽管任务很难,他们还是按时完成了)
  • 拆解:表语 Young / Difficult 提到句首,as 引导让步从句,主句 he knows a lot / they finished it on time 表转折。
  • 怎么考:①阅读长难句识别"让步—转折"逻辑(前句让步、后句转折);②翻译时译为"虽然/尽管"。
  • 易错坑点:名词作表语提前时要省略冠词(Child as he is, ... 不是 A child as he is);不能与 although / though 连用(不能写成 Although young as he is)。
  • 配套练习:用 as 倒装改写——①Although he is rich, he lives a simple life.
  • 答案:Rich as he is, he lives a simple life.

5.3 强调句

5.3.1 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ...

  • 是什么/定义:用 It is/was ... that/who ... 框架强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语),被强调部分是「人」时可用 who 或 that,其余一律用 that。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:It was Tom who broke the window.(正是 Tom 打破了窗户)
  • ②真题例句:It was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the book and in the company of the periodical.(2002年·考研英语·完形)
  • 拆解:去掉 It was ... that 后句子仍完整(The newspaper did not become the dominant pre-electronic medium until the 19th century),这是识别强调句的关键;本句强调时间状语 not until the 19th century。
  • 怎么考:①完形中填 that / who;②区分强调句与定语从句——去掉 It is...that 后仍完整的是强调句。
  • 易错坑点:强调 not until 时结构是 It was not until ... that ...(不是 until that);强调主语且是「人」时可用 who,但用 that 永远不错。
  • 配套练习:判断并翻译——①It was in 2008 that he came to Beijing. ②It was 2008 when he came to Beijing.
  • 答案:①强调句(强调时间状语,译"他正是在 2008 年来北京的");②时间句(It 表时间,译"他来北京时是 2008 年")。

5.4 省略句

5.4.1 常见的省略

  • 是什么/定义:为避免重复,省略句中可推断出的成分(常省略「主语 + be」,或并列句中的重复谓语)。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:When (he was) asked, he kept silent.(被问到时,他保持沉默)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:If necessary, we will take immediate action.(If necessary = If it is necessary)
  • 拆解:状语从句主语与主句主语相同,可省略「主语 + be」;上句省略了 he was。
  • 怎么考:①翻译时先把省略成分补出来再译;②完形/阅读中识别省略,避免误解主语。
  • 易错坑点:只有从句主语与主句主语一致(或为 it is)时才能省略,否则不能省。
  • 配套练习:补全省略成分并翻译——①While (he was) walking in the park, he met an old friend. ②He is taller than I (am tall).
  • 答案:①补 he was;②补 am(tall 省略)。

5.5 虚拟语气(本单元新增重点)

说明:虚拟语气表示与事实相反或纯主观的愿望/建议,是英一长难句与完形的隐性考点。以下五个子考点逐个击破。

5.5.1 if 条件句的虚拟(三种时态结构)

  • 是什么/定义:if 引导的虚拟条件句表示与事实相反的假设。三种时间对应三套时态(时态"后退一格"):
  • 与现在事实相反:从句用过去式(be 一律用 were),主句用 would/could/might + 动词原形。
  • 与过去事实相反:从句用过去完成时(had done),主句用 would/could/might + have done。
  • 与将来事实相反:从句用 were to do / should do / 过去式,主句用 would/could/might + 动词原形。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:
    • 与现在相反:If I were you, I would study harder.(我要是你,就会更努力学习)
    • 与过去相反:If I had known the answer, I would have told you.(我要是早知道答案,就告诉你了)
    • 与将来相反:If it should rain tomorrow, the match would be put off.(万一明天下雨,比赛就延期)
  • ②真题例句:
    • If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年·考研英语·阅读)——与现在事实相反
    • If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.(2008年·考研英语·阅读 Text3)——与过去事实相反
    • Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights.(2019年·英一·新题型)——与现在事实相反
  • 拆解:抓"时态后退"规律——现在→过去式,过去→had done,将来→were to / should do;主句对应 would/could/might(+have)+ 动词原形。例 "If he had played last season... he would have been one of 42" 中,从句 had played(过去完成)表与过去相反,主句 would have been 与之配套。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中看到 if + 过去式/had done,判断是"虚拟假设"而非真实条件;②翻译时译出"要是/假如(其实并非如此)"的意味;③完形可能考主句/从句时态搭配。
  • 易错坑点:与现在事实相反时 be 一律用 were(If I were...,不用 was);主句 would have done 与从句 had done 必须配套,勿乱串。
  • 配套练习:用所给动词的适当形式填空——①If I __(be)you, I would accept the offer. ②If you had come earlier, you ____(see)the famous writer.
  • 答案:①were ②would have seen

5.5.2 wish + 虚拟

  • 是什么/定义:wish 后接宾语从句表「但愿/希望」(往往无法实现),从句用虚拟语气,时态同样"后退一格":与现在相反用过去式,与过去相反用过去完成式。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:I wish I were taller.(但愿我更高一些)| I wish I had studied harder.(我真希望当初更用功)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:He wished he had taken the doctor's advice.(他真希望当初听了医生的建议)
  • 拆解:wish 后的从句是"与事实相反"的愿望,从句用 were / had done 表未实现或遗憾。
  • 怎么考:①翻译/阅读中识别 wish 后虚拟的"遗憾/未实现"含义;②完形中 wish 从句的时态选择。
  • 易错坑点:hope 后接真实可能实现的事、用陈述语气,wish 后接虚拟,二者勿混。
  • 配套练习:填空——①I wish I __(be)a bird. ②She wishes she ____(know)the answer yesterday.
  • 答案:①were ②had known

5.5.3 would rather + 虚拟

  • 是什么/定义:would rather(宁愿)后接从句时,从句用虚拟语气:与现在/将来相反用过去式,与过去相反用过去完成式。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:I would rather you came tomorrow.(我宁愿你明天来)| I would rather you hadn't told him the truth.(我宁愿你当初没告诉他真相)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:I'd rather you stayed here with us tonight.(我宁愿你今晚留在这里陪我们)
  • 拆解:would rather 后的从句主语与主句主语不同,用虚拟过去式/过去完成式表愿望。
  • 怎么考:①阅读中判断说话人"宁愿/希望(与实际相反)"的态度;②完形考 would rather 后从句的时态。
  • 易错坑点:would rather 后接动词原形时(I'd rather stay)不是虚拟;只有后接从句时才用虚拟时态。
  • 配套练习:填空——I would rather you ______(not smoke)here.
  • 答案:did not smoke(didn't smoke)

5.5.4 as if / as though + 虚拟

  • 是什么/定义:as if / as though(好像)引导的从句表"与事实不符的假设"时用虚拟:与现在相反用过去式,与过去相反用过去完成式。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:He talks as if he knew everything.(他说得好像什么都懂)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:She looked at me as though she had seen a ghost.(她看着我的样子好像见了鬼)
  • 拆解:as if / as though 从句的虚拟时态同样"后退一格";knew 表与现在相反,had seen 表与过去相反。
  • 怎么考:①阅读长难句理解"比喻/非真实"语气;②翻译时译"好像/仿佛(其实不是)"。
  • 易错坑点:as if 后若是很可能属实的事实,可用陈述语气(It looks as if it is going to rain),需结合语境判断。
  • 配套练习:填空——He behaves as if he ______(own)the house.
  • 答案:owned

5.5.5 suggest / insist 等 + (should) + 动词原形

  • 是什么/定义:表示"建议、要求、命令、坚持"等动词(suggest、insist、demand、require、order、recommend、propose 等)后的 that 从句用虚拟语气:谓语用 (should) + 动词原形,should 常省略。
  • 例句:
  • ①基础例句:The teacher suggested that we (should) read more books.(老师建议我们多读书)
  • ②真题例句:真题风格·自编:The doctor insisted that the patient (should) take a complete rest.(医生坚持要求病人彻底休息)
  • 拆解:从句谓语是动词原形(或 should + 原形),不受主句时态影响——主句是过去式,从句仍用动词原形。
  • 怎么考:①完形/翻译中识别从句里"should 省略"后的动词原形;②判断 insist 表"坚持要求"(虚拟)还是"坚持认为(事实)"(陈述语气,不虚拟)。
  • 易错坑点:insist 表"坚持认为某事属实"时不用虚拟(He insisted that he was right);suggest 表"暗示"时也用陈述语气。
  • 配套练习:填空——The manager ordered that the work ______(finish)before Friday.
  • 答案:(should) be finished

进阶长难句示例(非谓语 + 特殊句式)

长难句 1(非谓语作状语)

  • 例句:Encouraged by the recent success, the company decided to expand its business to new markets.
  • 拆解:
  • 主干:the company decided to expand its business(主 + 谓 + 不定式宾语)。
  • Encouraged by the recent success 是过去分词短语作状语(表原因/被动,encouraged 的逻辑主语是 company)。
  • to expand its business to new markets 是 decided 的不定式宾语。
  • 要点:句首非谓语先找它的逻辑主语(= 主句主语),再判断主动(doing)/被动(done)。

长难句 2(倒装句)

  • 例句:Only when we understand the problem deeply can we find a proper solution.
  • 拆解:
  • Only + 状语从句(when we understand...)置于句首,主句部分倒装:把情态动词 can 提到主语 we 前,即 can we find...。
  • 还原为正常语序:We can find a proper solution only when we understand the problem deeply.
  • 要点:Only + 状语(从句/副词/介词短语)在句首时,主句用部分倒装。

长难句 3(虚拟语气 + 非谓语 + 定语从句叠加)

  • 例句:If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年·考研英语·阅读)
  • 拆解:
  • 主干:it would open up its diversity program ... and look for reporters ...(虚拟主句,谓语 would open up 与 look for 并列)。
  • If it did 是虚拟条件从句(与现在事实相反,用过去式 did)。
  • now focused narrowly on race and gender 是过去分词短语作定语(修饰 program)。
  • who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class 是定语从句(修饰 reporters)。
  • 要点:虚拟语气、非谓语、定语从句叠加时,先抓 would open ... and look 这一谓语主干,再逐层看修饰成分。

学完本单元的检验标准

  1. 能判断句中动词是「谓语」还是「非谓语」,并说出非谓语形式(to do/doing/done)表主动还是被动。
  2. 能识别倒装句、强调句、省略句,并还原成正常语序理解。
  3. 能识别 if 条件句、wish、would rather、as if、suggest/insist 等虚拟语气,判断其所属时态结构并还原事实。
  4. 拿到一句考研长难句,能标出「主干(主谓宾)+ 各修饰成分(非谓语、从句、介词短语)」。

全部达到后,进入第六单元「篇章阅读」——把句子拼成段落、文章。