单元目标:句子 → 段落 → 文章,学会理解篇章逻辑和做题方法。阅读是考研英语最大分项(英一阅读 A 占 40 分)。
前置:已能拆解长难句(词类→短语→简单句→复合句→非谓语)。

关于真题标注:本单元出现的「真题示例」均来自历年英语(一)阅读理解 A 真题,统一标注为「年份·英一·Text 篇号·第几题」,并给出题目原文与正确答案;个别配套练习为真题风格·自编,已明确标注,不属于真题,请勿当作真题背诵。


6.1 句间逻辑关系

读懂句与句之间的逻辑,是把握段落和文章脉络的关键。下面五类关系覆盖了英一阅读最常见的信息组织方式。

6.1.1 转折关系

  • 是什么/定义:前后句意思相反、对立,后句否定或纠正前句,后句是作者真正想强调的重点。
  • 例句/示例:2014年·英一·Text4 首段(作者先肯定一份报告,接着)Regrettably, however, ...(然而遗憾的是……)——前半句是「认可」,however 之后转向「批评」,转折后才是作者真实态度。
  • 拆解:① 看到转折词(but / however / yet / nevertheless / though)先标出来;② 重点读转折之后的半句;③ 前半句多是「铺垫或让步」,别当成作者结论。
  • 怎么考:① 态度题靠转折词判断作者真实褒贬(前褒后贬、先扬后抑);② 细节题正确答案常落在转折之后的内容。
  • 易错坑点:把转折前的「让步/铺垫」当成作者观点;只读前半句就下结论。
  • 配套练习:判断重心——The new policy sounds attractive; however, it may hurt small firms. 作者更担心什么?(答案:新政可能伤害小公司,however 之后是重点。)

6.1.2 对比 / 让步关系

  • 是什么/定义:对比是「把两样东西摆在一起比差异」,不否定任何一方;让步是「先承认 A 成立,但更强调 B」。标志词:while / whereas(对比、对照),while / though / although / even though(让步)。
  • 例句/示例:2019年·英一·Text3 第八段 While the statement is vague, ...(尽管这一表态含糊,但……)——while 表示「让步」,主句才是作者想强调的评价。
  • 拆解:① 看到 while/whereas 先分清是「对比」还是「让步」;② 对比题:找出被比较的双方及其差异点;③ 让步题:重心在主句(逗号后的半句)。
  • 怎么考:① 细节题考「两事物之间的差异」;② 态度题借「让步—转折」结构判断作者对主句的评价。
  • 易错坑点:把 while/whereas 一律当「但是」翻译,误以为前句被否定;其实它常只是「对照」或「虽然」,主句才重要。
  • 配套练习:判断 while 的作用——While the plan is cheap, it is far from efficient.(答案:while 表让步「虽然」,主句在逗号后「效率远远不足」,是作者真正评价。)

6.1.3 因果关系

  • 是什么/定义:一句是「原因」,另一句是「结果」,理清「因→果」才能答对「为什么」类题目。标志词:because / since / as / so / therefore / thus / hence / consequently;动词也有因果义:cause / lead to / result in / contribute to。
  • 例句/示例:2013年·英一·Text1 首段 ...scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her.(批评她的助理,因为助理以为高级时尚影响不到自己)——for 引出被批评的原因。
  • 拆解:① 找到因果标志词;② 确认「谁是因、谁是果」;③ 题干问 because/why 时,回原文找「原因」那半句,而不是结果。
  • 怎么考:① 细节题直接问「原因」(题干含 because / why / due to);② 干扰项常把「结果」当「原因」。
  • 易错坑点:因果倒置(把果当因)、张冠李戴(把 A 的原因安到 B 头上)。
  • 配套练习:找因和果——Since fewer students applied, the school cut two courses.(答案:因=报名学生减少;果=学校砍掉两门课。)

6.1.4 递进关系

  • 是什么/定义:后句在前句基础上进一步补充、强化,前后方向一致。标志词:moreover / furthermore / besides / in addition / what's more。
  • 例句/示例:(真题风格·自编)The reading section is long; moreover, the options are extremely tricky.(阅读部分很长,而且选项极其刁钻。)
  • 拆解:① 看到递进词,说明后句是「补充信息」而非「转折」;② 递进处往往藏着第二层关键信息,答题别漏读。
  • 怎么考:① 细节题答案有时藏在递进补充的那半句里;② 主旨题借递进判断作者「层层加码」的论证方向。
  • 易错坑点:把递进误当转折,反而读反方向;漏掉递进后补充的关键限定信息。
  • 配套练习:判断方向——The exam is long; moreover, it is extremely difficult.(答案:前后方向一致,都在说考试「又长又难」,递进强化。)

6.1.5 举例关系

  • 是什么/定义:后句用具体例子说明前句的抽象观点。标志词:for example / for instance / such as / a case in point。
  • 例句/示例:2019年·英一·Text1 第六段 Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism", such as ...(为鼓励「长期主义」还能做更多,比如……)——such as 后的美、法两国的具体做法,都是为说明「促进长期主义」这一观点。
  • 拆解:① 例子永远服务于观点;② 观点通常在例子前面(或后面)那句,例子里的人名、数字、细节不是重点。
  • 怎么考:例证题的核心逻辑——题干问「举这个例子是为了说明什么」,答案在观点句,不在例子细节。
  • 易错坑点:被例子里的人名、年份、数字带跑,去选例子本身的细节。
  • 配套练习:找观点——Many animals use tools; for example, chimpanzees use sticks to fish for termites.(答案:例子说明的观点=「许多动物会使用工具」,而不是「黑猩猩会用棍子」。)

6.2 篇章结构

先判断文章「骨架」,再读题,能少走很多弯路。英一阅读以议论文为主,但科普说明文也占了相当篇幅。

6.2.1 观点—论据型

  • 是什么/定义:开头提出观点 → 中间举例/论证 → 结尾重申或收束。全文围绕一个中心论点展开。
  • 例句/示例:2019年·英一·Text1——通篇论证「企业应重视长期主义(耐心)」这一中心观点,美、法两国的做法都是支撑它的论据(对应第25题主旨答案:Patience as a Corporate Virtue)。
  • 拆解:① 找观点句(常在首段末尾或各段段首);② 确认论据都指向同一观点;③ 主旨题答案≈这个观点句的同义改写。
  • 怎么考:① 主旨题考「全文中心观点」;② 例证题考「某例子支撑哪个观点」。
  • 易错坑点:把某个论据细节当成全文主旨(以偏概全)。
  • 配套练习:判断结构——Many people fear AI will take all jobs. In reality, history shows technology creates new jobs. For example, the rise of computers created the software industry.(答案:观点—论据型;观点=技术会创造新岗位,例子=计算机催生软件业。)

6.2.2 新旧观点对比型

  • 是什么/定义:先介绍旧观点 → 转折 → 提出新观点(作者通常支持新观点)。标志:however / but / yet 之后引出新观点。
  • 例句/示例:(真题风格·自编)People once believed the earth was the center of the universe. However, Copernicus showed that the planets orbit the sun.
  • 拆解:① 找到「旧观点」;② 定位转折词后的「新观点」;③ 题目问「作者支持哪个观点」时,选新观点。
  • 怎么考:① 态度/观点题考「作者认同哪一方」;② 细节题考「旧观点错在哪、新观点是什么」。
  • 易错坑点:把旧观点当成作者观点(作者往往是在反驳旧观点)。
  • 配套练习:找出新旧观点——It was long thought that sleep is a passive state. Yet research shows the brain is highly active during sleep.(答案:旧观点=睡眠是被动状态;新观点=睡眠时大脑高度活跃。)

6.2.3 问题—解决型

  • 是什么/定义:提出问题 → 分析原因/影响 → 提出解决措施(有时结尾评价措施效果)。
  • 例句/示例:(真题风格·自编)Traffic congestion has worsened in big cities. The main cause is the rapid growth of private cars. Building more subways could be the answer.
  • 拆解:① 找「问题是什么」;② 找「原因/危害」;③ 找「措施」,题目问解决时定位措施段。
  • 怎么考:① 细节题考「问题的原因」或「提出的措施」;② 主旨题考「文章讨论的问题及应对」。
  • 易错坑点:把「原因」和「措施」混为一谈;漏看作者对措施的保留态度。
  • 配套练习:标注三要素——Plastic pollution is killing marine life. It comes mainly from single-use packaging. Banning such packaging could slow the damage.(答案:问题=塑料污染危害海洋生物;原因=一次性包装;措施=禁一次性包装。)

6.2.4 说明文 / 科普文结构(新增)

  • 是什么/定义:英一阅读有相当篇幅是科普说明文,介绍某个科学现象、研究成果、新技术或社会调查,重点在「解释说明」而非「说服争论」。典型结构:话题/现象引入 → 既有认知或背景 → 新发现/新研究(常用转折引出)→ 机制或原因解释 → 意义/评价/前景。
  • 例句/示例:2019年·英一·Text3(谈人工智能及其社会影响)、2010年·英一·Text2(谈商业方法专利的授予与争议)都是典型的说明文/科普文。
  • 拆解:① 先抓「研究对象是什么 + 核心新发现是什么」;② 专业术语、人名、数字只是「说明材料」,别被吓住;③ 抓住作者对该发现的评价(褒/贬/存疑),这是态度题和主旨题的钥匙。
  • 怎么考:① 细节题定位术语、数据、研究者观点;② 主旨题抓「研究对象 + 核心发现」;③ 态度题考作者对研究成果的评价。
  • 易错坑点:被生僻术语、实验数据、外国人名干扰,误以为要「读懂每个专业词」——其实题目考的是逻辑关系,不是专业知识。
  • 配套练习:判断下列段落属于哪种结构并说出「研究对象」——Sleep, long ignored, is now known to strengthen memory. Scientists found that during deep sleep the brain replays the day's events, helping turn them into lasting memories.(答案:科普说明文;研究对象=睡眠与记忆的关系;新发现=深度睡眠中大脑回放白天事件以巩固记忆。)

6.3 阅读题型方法论(6 大题型)

英一阅读 A 常考的 6 大题类:细节 / 主旨 / 推理 / 态度 / 例证 / 词义猜测。先判断题型,再套对应方法。

6.3.1 细节题(出现最多)

  • 是什么/定义:题干能定位到原文具体信息(who / what / where / when / why),答案几乎都来自原文某一两句的同义改写。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2010年·英一·Text2·第26题)

    题目:Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of ______
    [A] their limited value to business
    [B] their connection with asset allocation
    [C] the possible restriction on their granting
    [D] the controversy over authorization
    答案:C(the possible restriction on their granting)。
    定位拆解:题干问「商业方法专利最近引发关注的原因」→ 定位第二段首句「国家最高专利法庭准备缩减商业方法专利的授予,这引发了争议」;选项 C 中的 possible restriction(可能的限制)正是原文「potential restriction」的同义替换。

  • 拆解:① 划题干关键词(专有名词、数字、实义动词)→ ② 回原文定位原句 → ③ 对比选项,找同义替换(不是照抄原文的那个往往才是答案)。
  • 怎么考:① 直接问「谁/何时/何地/为何」;② 正确项=原文同义改写,干扰项=偷换概念、张冠李戴、以偏概全。
  • 易错坑点:看到选项里有原文原词就选(常是陷阱);忽略程度词(some / most / all)的偷换。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)Online courses are popular because they allow students to study at their own pace. 问:Why are online courses popular?(答案:Because they allow students to study at their own pace. 关键词 own pace 定位,同义替换。)

6.3.2 主旨题

  • 是什么/定义:问全文中心思想,识别词:main idea / title / purpose / subject / mainly about。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2019年·英一·Text1·第25题)

    题目:Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
    [A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
    [B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue
    [C] Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
    [D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
    答案:B(Patience as a Corporate Virtue,「耐心是企业美德」)。
    定位拆解:全文反复论证「企业应鼓励长期主义、反对短期主义」,选项 B 的 Patience(耐心)对应原文反复出现的 long-termism;A、C、D 都只是某一段的细节,范围过小。

  • 拆解:① 看首尾段 + 各段首句;② 找反复出现的关键词(本段为例是 long-termism / short-termism);③ 正确项必须「覆盖全文」,不是某段细节。
  • 怎么考:① 选标题(best title);② 问 subject / mainly about;③ 干扰项=以偏概全、范围过大或过小。
  • 易错坑点:用「某一段的具体细节」当主旨;选「读起来对但文章没谈」的泛泛之谈。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)一段讲「城市绿化能降温、净化空气、还能提升房价」的文章,最佳标题是?(答案:「城市绿化的多重好处」——涵盖降温、空气、房价三方面,而不是只讲其中一项。)

6.3.3 推理题

  • 是什么/定义:答案不直接写在原文,需要基于原文合理推断一步。识别词:infer / imply / suggest / conclude / it can be inferred。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2017年·英一·Text3·第32题)

    题目:It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ______
    [A] the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern
    [B] the UK will contribute less to the world economy
    [C] GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK
    [D] policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP
    答案:C(在英国,GDP 作为成功衡量标准已受到广泛质疑)。
    定位拆解:第二段作者反问「如果英国现状真像 GDP 反映的那么好,为何还有多达 1700 万民众投票脱欧」→ 由此推断:民众并不认同 GDP 所代表的「成功」→ C 项 defied(质疑)是对这一反问的合理概括。

  • 拆解:① 定位题干指定的段落;② 读懂原文事实;③ 只推一步,结论必须「原文有依据」。
  • 怎么考:① 段落推断题(指定段落);② 全文推断题;③ 正确项=原文的含蓄同义改写,干扰项=原文没说的臆测。
  • 易错坑点:把「推断」当「臆测」,选了原文根本没依据的选项;推得太远(超过一步)。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)Fewer people buy newspapers today; meanwhile, online news apps keep gaining users. 可推断出?(答案:人们获取新闻的方式正从纸质转向网络——基于「报纸读者减少 + 新闻应用用户增加」两步事实推一步。)

6.3.4 态度题

  • 是什么/定义:问作者(或文中某人)对某事物的态度、语气。识别词:attitude / tone / feel about / view of。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2014年·英一·Text4·第36题)

    题目:According to Paragraph 1, what is the author's attitude toward the AAAS's report?
    [A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant
    答案:A(Critical,批判的)。
    定位拆解:第一段先对报告表示认可,紧接着 Regrettably, however, ...(然而遗憾的是……)指出报告的缺点 → 「先扬后抑」,转折后是真实态度=批判。

  • 拆解:① 找情感词(褒义:supportive / favorable / appreciative;贬义:critical / skeptical / doubtful;中性:objective / neutral);② 关注转折词后的评价;③ 分清是「作者态度」还是「文中某人的态度」。
  • 怎么考:① 问作者对全文话题/某观点的态度;② 问作者对某报告、某研究、某提案的态度。
  • 易错坑点:混淆「作者态度」与「文中某人(如研究者)的态度」;被转折前的褒义词误导。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)The proposal sounds promising. Its cost, however, is far beyond our budget. 作者对该 proposal 的态度是?(答案:存疑/保留(skeptical)——先褒后贬,however 后是真实态度。)

6.3.5 例证题

  • 是什么/定义:问「文中举某例子/引用某人,是为了说明什么」。识别词:example / case / illustrate / mention ... to show / cite。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2019年·英一·Text1·第24题)

    题目:The US and France examples are used to illustrate ______
    [A] the obstacles to preventing "short-termism"
    [B] the significance of long-term thinking
    [C] the approaches to promoting "long-termism"
    [D] the prevalence of short-term thinking
    答案:C(促进「长期主义」的方法)。
    定位拆解:美、法两国的例子出现在第五、六段;第六段首句 Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism", such as ... 是观点句 → 例子是为说明「促进长期主义的做法」,而非例子本身的细节。

  • 拆解:① 定位例子;② 例子服务的观点句通常在例子前一句或后一句;③ 答案=观点句的同义改写,不是例子细节。
  • 怎么考:① 问「例子说明什么观点」;② 问「引用某人的话是为了…」。
  • 易错坑点:去选例子本身的时间、数字、人名细节;把「例子」当「论点」。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)Some species adapt quickly to city life; for example, urban pigeons now nest on concrete ledges. 例子说明什么?(答案:有些物种能快速适应城市生活——观点句在例子前面。)

6.3.6 词义猜测题(新增,6 大题类之一)

  • 是什么/定义:问文中划线单词/短语在语境里的含义,常考熟词僻义或超纲词。识别词:the word / phrase ... most probably means / is closest in meaning to。
  • 例句/示例:真题示例(2006年·英一·Text1·第21题)

    原文首句:In spite of "endless talk of difference", American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people.
    题目:The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ______
    [A] identifying [B] associating [C] assimilating [D] monopolizing
    答案:C(assimilating,同化)。
    定位拆解:in spite of "endless talk of difference"(尽管人们无休止地谈论「差异」)→ 与「差异」相对的是「同化」;机器 for homogenizing people = 让人趋同的机器 → 选 C。

  • 拆解:① 定位划线词所在句;② 看上下文逻辑(转折、对比、因果、举例、并列);③ 用「同义/反义线索」猜:转折后的词常与前面意思相反,并列词方向相同。
  • 怎么考:① 词义猜测(The word ... means);② 短语/指代猜测(... refers to);③ 熟词僻义。
  • 易错坑点:选词的本义/常见义(常是干扰项);脱离上下文凭「背过的意思」硬套。
  • 配套练习:(真题风格·自编)Unlike his talkative brother, Tom is rather taciturn. 问:taciturn 最可能的意思是?(答案:沉默寡言的——unlike 表对比,与 talkative(健谈的)相反。)

学完本单元的检验标准

  1. 拿到一篇文章,能判断它的篇章结构(观点-论据 / 新旧对比 / 问题-解决 / 科普说明文)。
  2. 能识别句间逻辑(转折 / 对比让步 / 因果 / 递进 / 举例),并能区分「转折(but/however/yet)」与「对比让步(while/whereas)」。
  3. 能识别每道题属于 6 大题类中的哪一种(细节 / 主旨 / 推理 / 态度 / 例证 / 词义猜测),并按对应方法作答。
  4. 做细节题时,能在原文找到定位句并完成同义替换判断;做词义猜测题时,能借助上下文逻辑线索推词义。

全部达到后,进入第七单元「其余题型」(新题型、翻译、完形填空)。


真题阅读精读(长难句逐句拆解)

本部分从 2010—2020 年英一真题中选取 3 篇,每篇挑一段最具代表性的长难句段落逐句精读。真题原文均已按公开真题文本核实。精读四步:① 先找「主句主干(谁 + 做什么)」;② 判断「从句类型」;③ 认「非谓语 / 介词短语」的修饰对象;④ 对照译文回读原文,直到能一眼看出主干。

精读一|2010年·英一·Text1(报纸文艺评论的衰落)

篇章主旨:过去四分之一世纪,英美大报的文艺评论在范围与严肃性上都不可逆转地衰落,昔日严肃的评论传统已几乎被人遗忘。

原文段落(第 3 段,4 个长难句)

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.

句 1(本段最长句)
- 原文:We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews(我们离那些随意的报纸评论更加遥远)——主语 We,谓语 are removed,from … reviews 是介词短语状语;even farther 是程度 + 比较修饰。
- 非谓语修饰:published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II——过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰 reviews(这些评论「发表于 20 世纪之交至二战前夕的英国」)。
- 介词短语修饰:at a time … 作时间状语;其中 when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications … 是 when 引导的定语从句修饰 time。
- 从句内部:and 并列两套主系表 newsprint was dirt-cheap 与 stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications;in which it appeared 又是定语从句修饰 publications。
- 参考译文:我们距离 20 世纪之交至二战前夕英国报纸上那种随心所欲的评论就更远了;那时新闻纸极其廉价,风雅的文艺评论被视为它所刊登的刊物的一种装饰。

句 2
- 原文:In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:it was taken for granted that …——it 是形式主语,真正主语是后面的 that 从句(主语从句),主干意为「……被当作理所当然」。
- 主语从句主干:the critics of major papers would write … about the events——主语 the critics,of major papers 是后置定语;谓语 would write;in detail and at length 是方式状语。
- 从句内的从句:they covered 是定语从句(省略了关系代词 that/which),修饰 the events。
- 参考译文:在那个遥远的年代,各大报纸的评论家会对自己报道的事件进行详尽而冗长的描写,这被视为理所当然。

句 3
- 原文:Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.
- 结构分析:
- 整体是 and 连接的并列句:前半句 Theirs was a serious business(主系表,Theirs 指「他们的工作」)。
- 后半句主干:even those reviewers … could be trusted to know what they were about——主语 those reviewers,谓语 could be trusted,to know … 作补足语。
- 定语从句:who wore their learning lightly 修饰 those reviewers(那些不卖弄学问的评论家)。
- 插入举例:like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman 介词短语作插入语举例。
- 宾语从句:what they were about 作 know 的宾语(他们自己在写什么)。
- 参考译文:他们的工作是一项严肃的事业;即使是那些不把学问看得太重、态度轻松的评论家——比如乔治·伯纳德·萧和欧内斯特·纽曼——也让人放心,因为他们清楚自己在做什么。

句 4
- 原文:These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.
- 结构分析:
- 整体是 and 连接的并列谓语,共用主语 These men:believed in journalism + were proud to be published。
- as a calling——介词短语作补语,说明把新闻业当作一种「天职 / 使命」。
- to be published in the daily press——不定式短语作 proud 的原因补足语,其中 in the daily press 是地点状语。
- 参考译文:这些人把新闻事业当作一种使命,并且为能在日报上发表文章而自豪。

该段生词 / 短语(5 个)
- be (farther) removed from:与……(更加)相去甚远——本段谓语核心,表达「远离某种状态」。
- unfocused:不聚焦的、随意的——形容词作定语,说明早年评论的随意风格。
- newsprint:新闻纸——名词作主语,指纸张本身(非「报纸」)。
- ornament:装饰品——名词作表语,说文艺评论当时只是刊物的「点缀」。
- wear one's learning lightly:不卖弄学问、举重若轻——动词短语,定语从句里的谓语。


精读二|2010年·英一·Text2(商业方法专利之争)

篇章主旨:商业方法专利 10 年前由联邦巡回法院开创,如今却面临被大幅削减甚至取消的转折;围绕 Bilski 案的审理可能改变这类专利的命运。

原文段落(第 3 段,5 个长难句)

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

句 1(本段最长句)
- 原文:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:Curbs … would be a dramatic about-face(限制……将是一个巨大的态度转变)——主语 Curbs,on business-method claims 是 Curbs 的后置定语;系表结构 would be a dramatic about-face。
- 原因状语从句:because … 引导;从句用了强调句型 it was … that …,强调主语 the Federal Circuit itself。
- 强调句主干:the Federal Circuit itself introduced such patents;with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case 是方式 / 伴随状语。
- 非谓语修饰:approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets——现在分词短语作伴随状语;on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets 是 a patent 的后置定语。
- 参考译文:对商业方法专利加以限制将是一个戏剧性的态度大转变,因为正是联邦巡回法院自己在 1998 年所谓「州街银行案」的判决中引入了这类专利,批准了一项关于「汇集共同基金资产的方法」的专利。

句 2
- 原文:That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:That ruling produced an explosion(主谓宾);in business-method patent filings 是 explosion 的后置定语(「在……方面的」爆发)。
- 介词短语修饰:initially by emerging internet companies——作方式 / 施动状语(起初是由新兴网络公司推动的)。
- 非谓语修饰:trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions——现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 companies;其中 to specific types of online transactions 是 rights 的后置定语。
- 参考译文:那次裁决引发了商业方法专利申请的爆炸式增长,起初申请的是那些试图圈定某些特定类型在线交易独占权的新兴互联网公司。

句 3
- 原文:Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:more established companies raced to add such patents to their files——主语 more established companies,谓语 raced,to add … 是不定式短语作目的状语。
- 时间 / 方式修饰:Later 时间状语;if only as a defensive move against rivals——if only(即便只是)后接 as a defensive move 作方式状语,against rivals 修饰 move。
- 定语从句:that might beat them to the punch 修饰 rivals(可能抢先一步的对手)。
- 参考译文:后来,更多老牌公司也竞相把这类专利纳入自己的档案,哪怕只是作为一种防御手段,用来对付那些可能抢先一步的竞争对手。

句 4
- 原文:In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:IBM noted … that …——主语 IBM,谓语 noted,in a court filing 是地点状语;that 引导宾语从句作 noted 的宾语。
- 宾语从句主干:it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents(被动结构「它被授予了……专利」)。
- 让步结构:despite the fact that …——despite 接名词短语 the fact,that it questioned the legal basis for granting them 是同位语从句说明 fact;for granting them 是 the legal basis 的后置定语。
- 参考译文:2005 年,IBM 在一份法庭文件中指出,尽管它质疑授予这些专利的法律依据,但它已获得 300 多项商业方法专利。

句 5
- 原文:Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents——主语 firms,谓语 armed(「武装」),宾语 themselves;with patents for financial products 是方式 / 伴随状语,其中 for financial products 是 patents 的后置定语。
- 连接性副词:Similarly 承上,表并列类比。
- 状语从句:even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice——even as 引导时间 / 让步状语从句;从句主干 they took positions,in court cases 地点状语;opposing the practice 现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 cases。
- 参考译文:同样,一些华尔街投资公司也用金融产品的专利来武装自己,即使它们在诉讼中站在反对这种做法的一方。

该段生词 / 短语(5 个)
- curb:限制、抑制——名词作主语核心。
- about-face:态度 / 立场的大转变——名词作表语。
- pool(v.):汇集、集中——及物动词,出现在 a patent 的后置定语里。
- stake out:圈定、划定(权利 / 地盘)——动词短语,现在分词定语里的谓语。
- beat sb. to the punch:抢先一步——习语,定语从句里的谓语。


精读三|2014年·英一·Text4(AAAS 报告与人文学科危机)

篇章主旨:AAAS 发布的《问题的核心》报告本意是为文理教育辩护,但作者批评它没有触及自由教育「不自由」的真正危机。

原文段落(第 4 段,3 个长难句)

Unfortunately, despite two-and-a-half years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.

句 1
- 原文:Unfortunately, despite two-and-a-half years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:"The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter——主语(报告名),谓语 gets to(触及),宾语 the heart of the matter;never 是否定副词。
- 态度 / 让步修饰:Unfortunately 是评注性副词,表作者态度;despite two-and-a-half years in the making 是让步状语。
- 同位语:冒号后 the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities 解释「问题的核心」;of liberal education 修饰 nature,at our leading colleges and universities 是地点定语。
- 参考译文:遗憾的是,尽管酝酿了两年半,《问题的核心》却从未触及问题的核心:我们一流院校中自由教育「不自由」的本质。

句 2
- 原文:The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:The commission ignores that …——主语 The commission,谓语 ignores;that 引导宾语从句。
- 宾语从句主干:America's colleges and universities have produced graduates(主谓宾);for several decades 时间状语。
- 定语从句:who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits 修饰 graduates;从句内 and 并列两个谓语 don't know 与 are deprived;thus(因此)表结果,of its benefits 是 deprived 的补足介词短语。
- 参考译文:该委员会忽视了一点:几十年来,美国高校培养出的毕业生既不了解自由教育的内容与品格,也因此无法享受其益处。

句 3
- 原文:Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.
- 结构分析:
- 主句主干:the spirit of inquiry … has been replaced by the use …——被动结构:主语 the spirit of inquiry,谓语 has been replaced,by the use… 是施动者状语。
- 后置定语:once at home on campus(once 副词「曾经」+ 介词短语 at home on campus)修饰 the spirit of inquiry。
- 修饰链条:of the humanities and social sciences 修饰 the use;as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda 作方式状语 / 补语,for publicizing … 是 vehicles 的后置定语。
- 参考译文:可悲的是,曾经存在于校园里的探究精神,如今已被人文与社会科学充当宣传「进步」或左翼自由派口号工具的做法所取代。

该段生词 / 短语(5 个)
- in the making:在酝酿 / 形成过程中——介词短语,作让步状语。
- illiberal:不自由的、狭隘的——形容词,修饰 nature。
- be deprived of:被剥夺、无法享有——过去分词短语,定语从句中的第二谓语。
- at home on campus:在校园里自然存在 / 安家落户——介词短语,作后置定语。
- vehicle:工具、载体——名词,说明人文学科被当成了宣传工具。